research methods

Question 1

One-Tailed Hypothesis/directional hypothesis

Answer 1

You make a prediction about the direction of your effect

Question 2

For a two-tailed hypothesis

Answer 2

you predict A difference But don’t say what the direction of the difference will be

Question 3

what is nominal data?

Answer 3

categorical

Question 4

what is ordinal data?

Answer 4

everything has a category and this can be ranked but there is not distinct measurement/scale

Question 5

what is interval data?

Answer 5

measured along a numerical scale that has equal distances between adjacent values.

Question 6

what is a between-subject design?

Answer 6

participant experiences one condition

Question 7

what is a within-subject design?

Answer 7

all participants experience both conditions

Question 8

what test do we use to work out whether something is normally distributed?

Answer 8

shapiro-wilk

Question 9

what must all data be before we conducted a significance test test?

Answer 9

normally distributed

Question 10

data is significant when the p value is

Answer 10

p < 0.05

Question 11

if something is normally distributed p is

Answer 11

p > 0.05

Question 12

what does the p value represent?

Answer 12

the p-value is the probability of obtaining results or at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct.

Question 13

what is a null hypothesis?

Answer 13

states that there is no difference in what you are researching

Question 14

describe parametric and non parametric tests

Answer 14

parametric tests are more powerful and what we conduct first but they have lots of assumptions. if our data doesn’t meet these assumptions there’s usually a non-parametric alternative.

Question 15

between-subject design and when you are comparing your data to one single number

Answer 15

one sample t-test

Question 16

one sample t-test assumptions

Answer 16

assumptions, data are independent, continuous (interval) and the data is normally distributed.

Question 17

what is the non-parametric test for one sample t?

Answer 17

if it doesn’t meet these assumptions then it is a one-sample Wilcoxon test, this is a non parametric test

Question 18

between-subject design when comparing two conditions

Answer 18

independent samples T-test

Question 19

what are the assumptions for independent samples T-test?

Answer 19

assumptions, data are independent, continuous, n=12<, data is normally distributed and homogeneity of variance.

Question 20

what is homogeneity of variance?

Answer 20

is the variance of both conditions similar

Question 21

how do we check for homogeneity of variance?

Answer 21

conduct a Levines test. homogenous data roughly falls on a straight line. this test shows wether there is a significant difference. we dont want there to be so p>0.05

Question 22

what is the non-parametric for independent sample t test?

Answer 22

Mann-Whitney U test

Question 23

within-subjects and matched pairs design

Answer 23

paired sample test

Question 24

assumptions of paired sample test

Answer 24

assumptions, data are interval/continuous, n=12<, and the DIFFERENCES are normally distributed.

Question 25

what does a paired sample test asses

Answer 25

asses the probability of getting a mean difference as large as you found by chance

Question 26

how do we find if the differences between the two conditions is normally distributed?

Answer 26

conduct a Shapiro-Wilk, should be non-significant. p>0.05

Question 27

what is the non parametric test for paired sample test?

Answer 27

Wilcoxon signed ranks test

Question 28

when you have nominal data, one variable and 2 categories

Answer 28

inomial, one variable with two outcomes that are mutually exclusive, random sample, independent, you know the expected distribution of scores

Question 29

when you have nominal data, one variable and 3+ categories

Answer 29

3+ options =chi-square goodness of fit

Question 30

when you have nominal data, two variables

Answer 30

chi-square test for independence

Question 31

what are the assumptions of a chi-square test for independence?

Answer 31

two dichotomies, male/female AND yes/no, random sample, independent, sample =40<, N=5<

Question 32

what test to conduct if chi-square test for independence assumptions are not met?

Answer 32

fisher exact test

Question 33

what tests when you have nominal data

Answer 33

binomial chi-square goodness of fit chi-square test for independence fisher exact

Question 34

what is the control variable?

Answer 34

things you intentionally keep the same

Question 35

what are cofound variables?

Answer 35

effect results influence the dv

Question 36

extraneous variable

Answer 36

variables not controlled in the experiment

Question 37

what are descriptive stats?

Answer 37

numbers that summarise data e.g., mean mode median

Question 38

what is a z score?

Answer 38

a standardized score compares scores between participants or across conditions

Question 39

when is it best to use median?

Answer 39

if data is skewed

Question 40

what letter represents correlation stat

Answer 40

r

Question 41

range of correlation coefficient

Answer 41

-1 --> 1 1 being strong positive -1 being strong negative

Question 42

what if correlation is non linear

Answer 42

conduct non parametric test

Question 43

non parametric for correlation

Answer 43

spearmens rho kendalls t

Question 44

what is a conversation analysis?

Answer 44

- detailed transcript of convos - determine the means and rescources people use

Question 45

example of conversation analysis being used?

Answer 45

comaring verb talk and speak in police negotiate situations

Question 46

what is a discourse analysis?

Answer 46

all types of spoke interaction and written text language as a form of action language varying in its function

Question 47

discourse analysis key terms

Answer 47

DA - Construction DA - function DA - variation DA - function and variation DA - accountability DA - discursive devices

Question 48

what is constructcion?

Answer 48

how we construct our status and ourselves as well as other ideas and people

Question 49

function

Answer 49

language for a purpose

Question 50

variation

Answer 50

language varies in accordance with its function

Question 51

discursive devices

Answer 51

Disclaimers* Provision of detail* Reported speech* Category entitlement* Extreme case formulations* Three-part lists

Question 52

gibsnos analysis of milgrams studies

Answer 52

transcribed audio discoursed analytical methods considered how a substantial minority disobeyed occasional deviations from script most prods resembling orders appear to have been resisted rather than being about obedience its about persuasion

Question 53

what is the difference between discourse analysis and conversation analysis?

Answer 53

Conversation analysis is a specific type of discourse analysis that focuses on the structure and organization of spoken interaction. Discourse analysis, on the other hand, is a broader field that examines language use in a range of contexts, including written texts, speeches, and media.