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Psych year one > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

One-Tailed Hypothesis/directional hypothesis

A

You make a prediction about the direction of your effect

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2
Q

For a two-tailed hypothesis

A

you predict A difference But don’t say what the direction of the difference will be

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3
Q

what is nominal data?

A

categorical

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4
Q

what is ordinal data?

A

everything has a category and this can be ranked but there is not distinct measurement/scale

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5
Q

what is interval data?

A

measured along a numerical scale that has equal distances between adjacent values.

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6
Q

what is a between-subject design?

A

participant experiences one condition

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7
Q

what is a within-subject design?

A

all participants experience both conditions

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8
Q

what test do we use to work out whether something is normally distributed?

A

shapiro-wilk

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9
Q

what must all data be before we conducted a significance test test?

A

normally distributed

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10
Q

data is significant when the p value is

A

p < 0.05

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11
Q

if something is normally distributed p is

A

p > 0.05

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12
Q

what does the p value represent?

A

the p-value is the probability of obtaining results or at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct.

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13
Q

what is a null hypothesis?

A

states that there is no difference in what you are researching

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14
Q

describe parametric and non parametric tests

A

parametric tests are more powerful and what we conduct first but they have lots of assumptions. if our data doesn’t meet these assumptions there’s usually a non-parametric alternative.

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15
Q

between-subject design and when you are comparing your data to one single number

A

one sample t-test

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16
Q

one sample t-test assumptions

A

assumptions, data are independent, continuous (interval) and the data is normally distributed.

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17
Q

what is the non-parametric test for one sample t?

A

if it doesn’t meet these assumptions then it is a one-sample Wilcoxon test, this is a non parametric test

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18
Q

between-subject design when comparing two conditions

A

independent samples T-test

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19
Q

what are the assumptions for independent samples T-test?

A

assumptions, data are independent, continuous, n=12<, data is normally distributed and homogeneity of variance.

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20
Q

what is homogeneity of variance?

A

is the variance of both conditions similar

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21
Q

how do we check for homogeneity of variance?

A

conduct a Levines test. homogenous data roughly falls on a straight line. this test shows wether there is a significant difference. we dont want there to be so p>0.05

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22
Q

what is the non-parametric for independent sample t test?

A

Mann-Whitney U test

23
Q

within-subjects and matched pairs design

A

paired sample test

24
Q

assumptions of paired sample test

A

assumptions, data are interval/continuous, n=12<, and the DIFFERENCES are normally distributed.

25
Q

what does a paired sample test asses

A

asses the probability of getting a mean difference as large as you found by chance

26
Q

how do we find if the differences between the two conditions is normally distributed?

A

conduct a Shapiro-Wilk, should be non-significant. p>0.05

27
Q

what is the non parametric test for paired sample test?

A

Wilcoxon signed ranks test

28
Q

when you have nominal data, one variable and 2 categories

A

inomial, one variable with two outcomes that are mutually exclusive, random sample, independent, you know the expected distribution of scores

29
Q

when you have nominal data, one variable and 3+ categories

A

3+ options =chi-square goodness of fit

30
Q

when you have nominal data, two variables

A

chi-square test for independence

31
Q

what are the assumptions of a chi-square test for independence?

A

two dichotomies, male/female AND yes/no, random sample, independent, sample =40<, N=5<

32
Q

what test to conduct if chi-square test for independence assumptions are not met?

A

fisher exact test

33
Q

what tests when you have nominal data

A

binomial
chi-square goodness of fit
chi-square test for independence
fisher exact

34
Q

what is the control variable?

A

things you intentionally keep the same

35
Q

what are cofound variables?

A

effect results
influence the dv

36
Q

extraneous variable

A

variables not controlled in the experiment

37
Q

what are descriptive stats?

A

numbers that summarise data
e.g., mean mode median

38
Q

what is a z score?

A

a standardized score
compares scores between participants
or across conditions

39
Q

when is it best to use median?

A

if data is skewed

40
Q

what letter represents correlation stat

A

r

41
Q

range of correlation coefficient

A

-1 –> 1
1 being strong positive
-1 being strong negative

42
Q

what if correlation is non linear

A

conduct non parametric test

43
Q

non parametric for correlation

A

spearmens rho
kendalls t

44
Q

what is a conversation analysis?

A
  • detailed transcript of convos
  • determine the means and rescources people use
45
Q

example of conversation analysis being used?

A

comaring verb talk and speak in police negotiate situations

46
Q

what is a discourse analysis?

A

all types of spoke interaction and written text
language as a form of action
language varying in its function

47
Q

discourse analysis key terms

A

DA - Construction

DA - function

DA - variation

DA - function and variation

DA - accountability

DA - discursive devices

48
Q

what is constructcion?

A

how we construct our status and ourselves
as well as other ideas and people

49
Q

function

A

language for a purpose

50
Q

variation

A

language varies in accordance with its function

51
Q

discursive devices

A

Disclaimers* Provision of detail* Reported speech* Category entitlement* Extreme case formulations* Three-part lists

52
Q

gibsnos analysis of milgrams studies

A

transcribed audio

discoursed analytical methods

considered how a substantial minority disobeyed

occasional deviations from script

most prods resembling orders appear to have been resisted

rather than being about obedience its about persuasion

53
Q

what is the difference between discourse analysis and conversation analysis?

A

Conversation analysis is a specific type of discourse analysis that focuses on the structure and organization of spoken interaction. Discourse analysis, on the other hand, is a broader field that examines language use in a range of contexts, including written texts, speeches, and media.

Psych year one (19 decks)

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