cognition Flashcards
What were Neisser’s three beliefs about perception?
- visuals experiences mirror an external stimulus
- visual experiences starts and ends with the onset and offset of the external stimulus
- visual experiences are reflective of what we are seeing and true, passive copies of the outside world
what is a naive realist?
a person with a tendency to believe our perception of the world reflects exactly how the world is
key example of a naive realist?
Neizzer
Descartes view on perception
dualist
what we see is not exactly what we see
how can we be sure a chair is a chair
all we can be sure of is our capacity to think
what is a bottom-up approach towards perception?
information from stimulus then to different levels of processing until we decided what the process is. information goes from the bottom (stimulus) to higher processing.
what is the law of effect?
the effect of an outcome influences wether the behaviour is repated
e.g., good coneuqnce = repeated more
bad = not
low of exercise
the more a situtaion is followed by the same respnse the stronger the association bond and thus more/less behaviour will be repeated.
Constructivism
people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through their experiences and their reflections on those experiences.
watson
physcology is the study of behaviour and psychologists should only study what is obseravble. correlation between stimuli and response. Needs to be measurable.
latent learning
earning without reward. rats just being in a maze allowed them to find they, layout even though they hadn’t been rewarded fir anything
rats given food straight away at end of maze, three days after and 9 days after
reward reduced number of erros learned faster than if the reward was given on the 9th day
rat in t shape maze results
they would use the shortcut because they had understanding of the paths advantages and that it was quicker to gain their reward
rate maze with blocked off paths results
rat knew to go via a different route if a particular route was blocked off suggesting they had a cognitive map
skinner view on language
we make association between things to , learn language.
chomsky on language
doesnt argue for SR bonds
language isnt perfect
you are born to aquire language
language aquisition divice
we are predisposed to learn language
The modularity of mind hypothesis
input modules work on a different feature of that sense. ig input module working on the colour accept of seeing. this is passed onto central processors of thought interpretation. splitting up sensory info into different modules.
what did the gestalt psychologists believe ?
argued visual experiences aren’t copies of the outside world they are experiences of something else we group things together and reorder visual information.
gestalt argued this grouping happens automatically and doesnt require info of images
grouping by proximity?
grouping things close together
common fate
grouping things that are commonly grouped
gestalt 3 month infant study
infants fixated on things that werent already grouped
what is a top down approach
active and knwoeldge driven, experience and empirical
bruner experiment
patterns that are easier to recognise draw on our experiences of the world so we can describe them
epstein and rock
is the way we experience a stimulus influenced by how we’ve recently experienced that stimulus or by what we expect.