principles of neuroscience Flashcards
first account of brain
ancient egypt
what is dualism?
plato
body and soul
soul = essemtial
three parts, reason emotion and desire
what is aristotles view of the soul
monism
3 divisions
soul in heart
brain cools blood bc heart first to develop
hippocrates
materialism - the brain is the only cause of our behaviour, injuries to one side of the brain lead to damage on the other side of the body. Diseases have natural causes rather than being cause by Gods.
roman period
galen
4 humours
nevres filled with humours since they connected to all different parts of body
da vinici anatomical drawing
three ventrcles in brain holding humours
common sense, thinking and memory
descartes
substance dualism
pineal gland = valve that controls flow of liquid into body , this is our mind
West riding pauper lunatic asylum
John hughlings Jackson - seizures that affected left side of brain result in change in the right side of the body.
Willis
father of neursoecience terms such as ceberal cortex, localistaion of cuntion, less education from galen so new view of brain
franz gall
phrenology - bumps on head - measured and assigned to a behaviour trait
Essentially localisation of function - flawed brain is too soft to influence the structure of the skull - not a favourable study
Fluorenes
equipotentiality - brain = holistic, size of lesion more important than where
Broca’s area
frontal lobe, speech production, if damaged laborious slow speech, as found in his patient ‘Tan’ who could only say tan, found abnormalities in his brain during post-mortem examination.
Wernicke’s area
speech comprehension, meaningless speech if damaged
Phineas gage
nice guy, injured frontal lobe, completely changed
what advancements in technology FIRST improved our understanding of structure of the brain
microscope
microtome
stains
Glolgi
developed reliable stain of brain showing neural pathways
proof of synapses
sherrington using electron microscope
brodmann and localisation
different because they have differemt architecture
Galvani and electrical communication
frog legs suspended from a wire moved when lightning struck
what happened when japanese actore are liver of puffer fish
he died because their poison prevents the transmission of action potentials, couldnt move diaghram so died.
what are the three potentials of a neuron
resting action potential and graded
how does a neuron maintain its resting state?
resting state = -70mV
there are ions in and outside of the cell membrane
there are more sodium out of the cell and pottasium inside of the cell due to gradients and electrical gradient this stays that way.
there are ion pumps and ion channels that control movement of ions in the membrane.,
sodium-pottasium pump pumps out 3 sodium ions and takes in 2 potasium ions. more.
what is in the cell membrane
leaky channels = free flowing (sodium and pottasium)
voltage gated pump - sodium potassium pump - lets two K in and Na three out
what is resting charge of neuron
negative
what is hyperpolarisation?
this is when a negative current occurs in the cell and there is an inhibitory effect that causes the cell to be less likely to fire
what is depolarisation?
when there is a change in membrane potential from negative to positive and action potential is more likely to fire.
what is the threshold for an excitatory effect
-50mV
describe action potential process
when reach threshold sodium channel opens and depolarisation occurs
influx of MA into the cell making the cell positivley charged.
then K flows out
how what is synaptic tranmission
- Calcium ions enter the axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron
- This causes the vesicles with the pre-synaptic neuron to release the neurotransmitter
- The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic clef and bins to the receptor cites on the post synaptic neuron
- The NT open allowing ions to move into the PSN causing a change in action potential
- NT are membrane proteins in the post-synaptic cell, the NT is specific to a receptor cite. When they bind to the appropriate one an ion channel opens, ions flow through the ion channel changing the electrical potential of the post-synaptic cell .
- When they have surged their purpose they need to be removed from the synaptic clef. This happens via glutamate uptake. Where glial cells reuptake excess NT so that it can be used again.
how is excess NT removed from synaptic clef?
via glutamate uptake
glial cells reuptake excess NT so it can be used again
what are glial cells
hold the brain together
name three glial cells
atrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglial cells
front/back of brain
anterior/posterior
above/below
Superior/dorsal & inferior/ventral
Gyri
raised areas of the brain that increase surface area
sulci
grooves of brain
central sulcus
divides frontal and parietal lobe
sylvian fisher
Sylvian fisher divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe
coronal plane
divides front and back
sagittal plane
right hemisphere and left
horizontal plane
top and bottom
Basil ganglia
important in controlling movement, brain area is associated with Tourette’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease
Amygdala
emotional information, activity is higher in people with psychopathy
Thalamus
centre of the brain, important for sensory processing, vision, hearing and touch
Hippocampus
involved in memory, damage to this area stops the development of new memories
Hypothalamus
homeostasis, monitors water levels and regulates internal body states such as hunger. Triggers satiety and hunger, minting internal environment.
Pineal gland
melatonin for sleep/wake cycle
Meninges and ventricles
Fluid in ventricles provides a cushion that coats the space between the brain and the skull
Cerebral spinal flood kept in place by membrane named meninges which covers the brain to hold the fluid in
howler monkey vs spider monkey
howler monkey and spider monkey are the same size
howler monkey has lexx complex behaviour though whilst spider monkeys more complex
spider has lerger brain
evolution of human brain
our body has increased by 50% whilst brain 250%
superior colliculus
vision
inferior colliculus
hearing
describe relationship between specie and the IC & SC
bat and dolphin = larger IC since they use heaing whilst ibex and tarsier bigger SC for vision
describe clarks nutracker hippocampus
larger hippocampus for its body size dues to its ability to store food in various locations and remebr where what food is stored where
relationship between neocortex and social behaviours in monkeys
monkeys have a larger neoxortex, as this incraeses more complex behaviours incraese such as deception
dunbars number for humans
this is our social circle for our brain
150
relationship between intelligence and brain size
only a small positive correlation
but there is a correlation between stage of development and intelligence
violin players study
they have a larger area in the brain for D5 (pinky finger) because this does more complex movements that the non-violinist
phone study
people with phone who use thumb have larger area in brain
