mental ilness Flashcards
what system is involved in anxiety?
limbic system
what part of the brain is involved in anxiety?
amygdala
what happens if your amydala is impaired?
no sense of anxcious states
factors involved in axniety
enironment and genetic
locus of contol in anxiety
the more control we have in our early lives the less anxious we are in adulthood
harlows study
monkeys, scared them, lack of control in environemnt led to more chaotic behaviour
treatment 4 phobias
- modelling = hierarcy of fears
- flooding = exposure
- systematic desensititaisation = gradual exposure and learing how to relax in the prescence of threatening stimulus
most effective treatment for anixety
CBT + PILLS
how do we aquire and maintain a phobia
mowrers 2 process model
what is panic disorder?
physical INTERNAL anxiety disorder, physically overwhelming
amygdala in people with PD
hyperactive
key diffrence between panic disorder and gernalised anixety disorder …
PD = increased awareness of physical sensations and improved ability to monitor heart rate whilst anxiety is more about fear of unknown
cycle of OCD
obssesive thought -> anxiety -> compulsion -> temporary relief -> obssesive thought …
neurology of OCD
ocd = excess frontal striatal activiation, abnormal activity when correct and incorrect
ocd and love
people in fresh relationships had ocd like symptoms
treatment for ocd
SSRIs + CBT both effective at reducing increased brain acitivty, most effective together
CBT 60% effective alone
main cause for hoarding
belongings -= comfort and safety
neurology of hoarding disorder
precentral gyrus anxiety
treatment for hoarding disorder
improve during treatment but not a long lasting effect, moderate to good improvement
neurology of body dysmorphic disorder
orbitofrontal cortex is overactive
occipital cortex is deacresed acitvity
corpus callosum is decareed
how do people with BDD percieve faces
they can point out their flaws and individual features#
when doing a test against controls they were more succesful at matching mixed up faces due to their ability to see diffrent features and speerate the face from being a whole unit
treatment for BDD
not that much researcj
tends to be unsucceful and high relapse rates
what is a somatic symptom disorder?
concerned with physical behaviours
conversion disorder
physical symptoms that have no medical/neurological route. such as seizures or even being paralysed
neurology study of conversion disorder
poked patients in unaffected leg - reaction in brain. poked in affected leg = no reaction. poked both together and lots of reaction suggesting it is a false physical problem
freud and anna o
she was paralysed on onse side, found to be a mental health problem, using the repression defence mechanism
neurology of conversion
in the left hemisphere theres a supression of memories
dorsolateral frontal cortex and activity in the hippocampus
epilipsey and conversion
theres an increased acitvty in the temporoperietal junction which is associated with epilesipy and out of body experiences suggesting they leave their body
treatment for conversion
psychoanalysis talking therapy for 12 weeks to being repressed belief to the surface
factitious disorder
falsification of symptoms treatment = talking therapies
Munchausen by proxy disorder
child abuse, giving child/ believing they have physical symptoms that are not there
causes of munchausen by proxy
18% had secure attchment to parent, unresolved loss/fear of less, 60% had abuse aswell
types of munchausen by proxy
help seekers
doctor addicts
inducers
treatment of munchausen by proxy
firslty classify which one they are, talkig therapies, not much research .
what is type one schizophrenia?
positive, what you gain, hallucintaions, dillusions, caused by too much dopamine, reversible
what is type two schizophrenia?
negative, what you lose, speech, organisation skills, not reversible
neurology of schizpohrenia
- enlarged ventricle mass
- temporal horn englarged
- more on left side than right
- because these are englarged it changes the organisation and other grey matter mass in the brain
there is less of what brain tissue in people with schizophrenia
superior temporal gyrus brain tissue
what cells are different in shizophrenic patients
pre alpha cells
treatment for schizophrenia
dopamine blockers
causes of schizophrenia
- brain matter loss
- thumb ridge count
- 2nd trimester of pregnancy
what is the fantasy model?
dissacociation propensity –> mediators (fantasy proneness) –> trauma memories created
what is the trauma model?
sociocognitive model
trauma –> mediators (genetics, environment) –> dissociative tendencies
avoidance behaviour in DID?
means of depersonalisation and avoiding reminders of trauma. It then increases in frequency because it works , turning to the alter personalities
neurological differences in DID sufferers#?
enhanced activity in the amygdala, frontal cortical regions
increased blood flow in medial and superior fontal regions
parietal and prefonrtal lobes
what are the frontal cortical regions associated with?
dysregulation of consciousness
pattern recognition in DID
using a brain pattern recognition software they were able to accuratley identify 74% of people with DID this is similar level to that of other mental health disorders.
treatment stages for DID?
1, creating feelings of sefety between patient and client
2, CBT
3, trauma based work
4-5, increasing daily skills of the host
does treatment for DID work?
yes consistent findings taht overtime they get better
but not essentially a cure after 30 months many were in mental distress again
The exorcism of Anneliese Michel
Religious background, she kept showing systems of depression and ‘possession’. Believed she was possessed by six demons. They gave her 1-2 exorcisms per week. 1976 died from malnutrition and dehydration.
Pierre Janet
Traumatic experiences are not due to supernatural causes and personality can divided into different ones. Devils and demons which display obsession can be understood as a dissociative disorder.
what is they key brain regions in addicts?
nucleus acumbens
neurology of addiction
dopamine is excessive and pushed towards the nucleus accumbens and medial prefonrtal cortex
facebook addiction study
more facebook usage = more brain response to likes
what is thetre less of in additcs
less dopamine receptors
gaming gray matter
less gray matter in brain areas the more you game
explain the mesolimbic dopamine system
dopamine system that is affected by the use of drugs
dopamine projection to the ventral tegmental area (main dopamine producing area in the brain) –> mesoaccumbens - nucleus accumbens (pleasure) / –> medial prefrontal cortex
electrical brain stimulation
rats shocked pull lever kept going back to have more - addiction
grey matter in cocaine addicts
reduced gray matter in the frontal love in people who do cocaine
neurology of trichotillomania
increased cortical thickness found in MRI scan in the superior temporal gyrus, region associated with self-awareness.
what disorder is related to the behaviours of people with trichotillomania
OCD
the hair pulling, in some people, equates to the compulsive behaviour that offers temporary relief from anxiety in OCD sufferers
treatment for Trichotillomania
habit reversal therapy
SSRIs no more affective than placebos
what is habit reversal therapy
awarness training –> what trigers hair pulling etc
competing response training ( a behaviour that ohysically stops hair pulling)
social support –> positive feedback for not taking part in hair pulling
main symptoms of NPD
Grandiose sense of self-importance
Excessive need for admiration
Lack of empathy
neurology of NPD
in the anteriorii insula there is smaller volumes of grey matter
region = undestanding peoples thoughts and feekings
why is it hard to diagnose people with NPD
lack of awarnes off NPD
usually diagnosed when getting help for someting else (deppresion)
more severe = less likeley to be diganosed
