Research Methods

Question 1

Operationalised Variable

(2)

Answer 1

• defined in terms of how the variable is measured
  e.g. media violence (IV) operationally defined as 20 min clip of assault

Question 2

Convenience Sampling

+-

Answer 2

participants selected based on availability
* + quick, easy, inexpensive
* - unlikely to produce representive sample

Question 3

Random Allocation

(3)

Answer 3

every member of the sample has an equal chance to be assigned to every group
- reduces participant variables
- ensures unbiased groups

Question 4

Random Sampling

+-

Answer 4

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
+ + likely to be unbiased sample, representative of population
- - whole population may not want to participate

Question 5

Stratified (Random) Sampling

(2) +-

Answer 5

1. divide population in relevant strata
2. take (random) sample from each stratum in equal proportions as population
   + + sample is more representative of population
   - - whole population may not want to participate

Question 6

Controlled Experiment

(4)

Answer 6

1. systematic manipulation of IV
2. random allocation
3. control of all other variables
4. control condition

Question 7

Between Subjects

(2) +-

Answer 7

participants are not the same in each group
results compared between different participants
+ + no order effects
- - participant variables not controlled

Question 8

Within Subjects

(2) +-

Answer 8

participants are the same in each groups
results are compared within same participants
+ + participant variables are controlled
- - order effects (without counterbalancing)

Question 9

Mixed Design

(2) (2)+-

Answer 9

results compared between different groups
results compared within same participants over time
+ participant variables are controlled
+ control group acts as a baseline
- order effects may occur over time
- differences between groups may confound results

Question 10

Matched Participants

(3) (type of between subjects)

Answer 10

1. identify confounding variable
2. rank participants based on the confounding variable
3. participants evenly allocated into groups by ranking

Question 11

Order Effects

(2)

Answer 11

• prior condition affects the following condition
  e.g. learning, fatigue, familiarity, boredom

Question 12

Counterbalancing

Answer 12

• participants experience the conditions in opposite order
  1/2 - Condition A –> Condition B
  1/2 - Condition B –> Condition A

Question 13

Case Study

Answer 13

• indepth investigation of a specific event, behaviour or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world

Question 14

Classification and Identification

Answer 14

• C - arrangement of phenomena, objects or event into manageable sets
• I - process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to a set

Question 15

Correlational Study

Answer 15

• planned observation and recording of events and behaviour without manipulation or control to understand the already existing relationship between variables

Question 16

Fieldwork

Answer 16

• observing and interacting with a selected environment outside the laboratory in a real-world setting to determine correlation rather than causation

Question 17

Literature Review

Answer 17

• collation and analysis of secondary data related to other findings

Question 18

Modelling

Answer 18

• construction and representation of concepts to help understanding and knowledge

Question 19

Simulation

Answer 19

• replication of a real world situation to observe and analyse the behaviours/mental processes of individuals in that environment

Question 20

Product, Process or System Development

Answer 20

• design and evaluation of an item, process or system to meet a human need