Research Methods

Question 1

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

Answer 1

Empirical methods

Question 2

Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that could compromise the integrity of their research

Answer 2

Ethics

Question 3

A logical idea that can be tested

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

Careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Provides basic info allowing us to track, tally or organize info about the natural world

Answer 4

Systematic observation

Question 5

Groups of closely related phenomena or observations

Answer 5

Theories

Question 6

A piece of biased evidence usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct

Answer 6

Anecdotal evidence

Question 7

In research, the determination that one variable causes an effect

Answer 7

Causality

Question 8

In statistics, the measure of relatedness of two or more variables

Answer 8

Correlation

Question 9

Information systematically collected for analysis and interpretation

Answer 9

Data (or observations)

Question 10

Form of reasoning in which given a premise determines the interpretation of specific observations (all birds have feathers, since a duck is a bird, it has feathers)

Answer 10

Deductive reasoning

Question 11

In statistics, the relative frequency that a particular value occurs for each possible value of a given variable

Answer 11

Distribution

Question 12

Concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim

Answer 12

Empirical

Question 13

Objective information about the world

Answer 13

Fact

Question 14

In science, the ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted; a defining feature of science

Answer 14

Falsify

Question 15

In research, the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study

Answer 15

Generalize

Question 16

A tentative explanation that is subject to testing

Answer 16

Hypothesis

Question 17

To draw general conclusions from specific observations

Answer 17

Induction

Question 18

Form of reasoning in which a general conclusion is inferred from a set of observations (the driver in that car was texting and he just cut me off. This observation leads to the conclusion that texting while driving is dangerous)

Answer 18

Inductive reasoning

Question 19

In science, there are complementary understandings and explanations of phenomena

Answer 19

Levels of analysis

Question 20

In statistics, a test created to determine the chances that an alternative hypothesis would produce a result as extreme as the one observed if the null hypothesis were actually true

Answer 20

Null-hypothesis significance testing (nhst)

Question 21

Being free of personal bias

Answer 21

Objective

Question 22

Established threshold for determining whether a given value occurs by chance

Answer 22

Probability values

Question 23

Beliefs or practices that are presented as being scientific or which are mistaken for being so, but are actually not (eg astrology)

Answer 23

Pseudoscience

Question 24

The degree to which a sample is a typical example of the population from which it is drawn

Answer 24

Representative

Question 25

A number of people selected from a population to serve as an example of that population

Answer 25

Sample

Question 26

An explanation for observed phenomena that is empirically well-supported, consistent, and fruitful (predictive)

Answer 26

Scientific theory

Question 27

The error of rejecting the null-hypothesis when it is true

Answer 27

Type 1 error

Question 28

The error of failing to reject the null-hypothesis when it is false

Answer 28

Type 2 error

Question 29

Belief about the way things should be

Answer 29

Value