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Psyc100 > Attention And Memory > Flashcards

Attention And Memory Flashcards

1
Q

The experience of being at a party and talking to someone in one part of the room, when you suddenly hear your name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room

A

Cocktail party phenomenon

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2
Q

Built into and linked with our cognition

A

Embodied

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3
Q

Occur when the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or is incorrect

A

Illusions

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4
Q

The fact that the moon is perceived to be about 50% larger when it is near the horizon than when it is seen overhead, despite the fact that in both cases the moon is the same size and casts the same retinal image

A

Moon illusion

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5
Q

The line segment in the bottom arrow looks longer to us than the one on the top, even though they are both the same length

A

Mueller-lyer illusion

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6
Q

The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation

A

Perceptual constancy

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7
Q

Quick, simultaneous movements of the eyes

A

Saccades

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8
Q

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information

A

Selective attention

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9
Q

Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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10
Q

The working together of different senses to create experience

A

Sensory interaction

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11
Q

An experience in which one sensation (eg hearing a sound) creates experiences in another (eg vision)

A

Synesthesia

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12
Q

An experimental task in which two messages are presented in different ears

A

Dichotic listening

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13
Q

The ability to flexibly allocate attentional resources between two or more concurrent tasks

A

Divided attention

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14
Q

The failure to notice a fully visible object when attention is devoted to something else

A

Inattentional blindness

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15
Q

The notion that humans have limited mental resources that can be used at a given time

A

Limited capacity

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16
Q

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information

A

Selective attention

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17
Q

A task in which the individual is asked to repeat an auditory message as its presented

A

Shadowing

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18
Q

The ability to process information for meaning when the individual is not consciously aware

A

Subliminal perception

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19
Q

The auditory analog of inattentional blindness. People fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene

A

Inattentional deafness

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20
Q

A method for studying selective attention in which people focus attention on one auditory stream of information while deliberately ignoring other auditory information

A

Selective listening

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21
Q

The part of working memory that directs attention and processing

A

Central executive

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22
Q

Process of organizing information into smaller groups thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in short term memory

A

Chunking

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23
Q

We learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response such as enjoyment

A

Classical conditioning effects

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24
Q

Auditory sensory memory

A

Echoic memory

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25
Q

When people can report details of an image over long periods of time (aka photographic memory)

A

Eidetic imagery

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26
Q

The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life

A

Episodic memory

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27
Q

Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

A

Explicit memory

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28
Q

Visual sense memory

A

Iconic memory

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29
Q

A type of long term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s made without intent

A

Implicit memory

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30
Q

Storage of information over an extended period of time

A

Long term memory

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31
Q

Process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory

A

Maintenance rehearsal

32
Q

Name the three memory stages

A

Sensory, short term, long term

33
Q

The activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act upon

A

Priming

34
Q

Our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things

A

Procedural memory

35
Q

Measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has been previously remembered

A

Recall memory

36
Q

Measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before

A

Recognition memory test

37
Q

Assess how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned and forgotten

A

Relearning

38
Q

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have (facts and concepts)

A

Semantic memory

39
Q

Brief storage of sensory information

A

Sensory information

40
Q

The place where small amounts of information can be temporarily stored for more than a few seconds but usually less than one minute

A

Short term memory

41
Q

Two main types of memory

A

Explicit and implicit

42
Q

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purpose of manipulation (to process into long term)

A

Working memory

43
Q

Memory for events of one’s life

A

Autobiographical memory

44
Q

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces

A

Consolidation

45
Q

The principle stating that the more memories are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory

A

Cue overload principle

46
Q

The principle that unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (non distinctive) events

A

Distinctiveness

47
Q

The initial experience of perceiving and learning events

A

Encoding

48
Q

The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory traced

A

Encoding specificity principle

49
Q

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace

A

Engrams

50
Q

Memory for events in a particular time and place

A

Episodic memory

51
Q

Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous and emotional event

A

Flashbulb memory

52
Q

Term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event

A

Memory traces

53
Q

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event

A

Misinformation effect

54
Q

Strategy for remembering large amounts of information usually involving imaging events occurring in a journey or with some other set of memories cues

A

Mnemonic devices

55
Q

Process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered

A

Recoding

56
Q

The process of accessing stored information

A

Retrieval

57
Q

The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event

A

Retroactive interference

58
Q

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have

A

Semantic memory

59
Q

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time

A

Storage

60
Q

Inability to form new memories for facts and events after the onset of amnesia

A

Anterograde amnesia

61
Q

Process by which a memory trace is stabilized and transformed into a more durable form

A

Consolidation

62
Q

The fading of memories with the passage of time

A

Decay

63
Q

Conscious memories for facts and events

A

Declarative memory

64
Q

Loss of autobiographical memories from a period in the past in the absence of brain injury or disease

A

Dissociative amnesia

65
Q

Process by which information gets into memory

A

Encoding

66
Q

Other memories get in the way of retrieving a desired memory

A

Interference

67
Q

Inner region of the temporal lobes that includes the hippocampus

A

Medial temporal lobes

68
Q

Process by which information is accessed from memory and utilized

A

Retrieval

69
Q

Inability to retrieve memories for facts and events acquired before onset of amnesia

A

Retrograde amnesia

70
Q

Inability to retrieve memories from just prior to the onset of amnesia with intact memory for more remote events

A

Temporally graded retrograde amnesia

71
Q

Five reasons we forget

A 
Information was not encoded in the first place
Decay
Interference 
Inadequate retrieval cues
Trying not to remember
72
Q

Memory for an event that never actually occurred, implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

A

False memories

73
Q

Any member of a lineup other than the suspect

A

Foils

74
Q

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the event and later memory test (interview, lineup, court etc)

A

Misinformation effect

75
Q

A research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study

A

Mock witnesses

76
Q

A selection of normally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator

A

Photo spread

77
Q

A memory template, created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events

A

Schema (plural: schemata)

Psyc100 (15 decks)

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