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A level Psychology Paper 2 > Research Methods 1: Experimental methods > Flashcards

Research Methods 1: Experimental methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an aim?

A

This is a general statement describing the purpose of an investigation

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2
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

This states what you believe to be true. It is a prediction, precise and testable statement of the relationship between two variables.

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3
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

This is the variable that the researcher manipulates or alters

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4
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

This is the measurement taken by the researcher

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5
Q

What are the two types of hypothesis?

A

-Directional (one tailed)
-Non-directional (two tailed)

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6
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

-A specific prediction

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7
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

-A vague prediction

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8
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Variables that could affect the results if they are not controlled

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9
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Extraneous variables that couldn’t be or was not controlled and DID affect the DV

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10
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

A clue in the investigation which may help the participant “second guess” the experimenters intentions

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11
Q

What happens if a participant realises they are in an experiment?

A

They will show either the “please U effect” or the “screw U effect” in hope of either spoiling or supporting the experiment

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12
Q

Are demand characteristics and investigator effects CVs or EVs?

A

Demand characteristics- EVs
Investigator effects- CVs

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13
Q

What is randomisation?

A

The use of chance wherever possible to reduce the influence of the researcher on the design

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14
Q

What is standardisation?

A

Where all participants are subject to the same environment, info and experience

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15
Q

What are investigator effects?

A

Cues from an investigator that encourage participants to behave in a particular way. This can be conscious or unconscious

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16
Q

What are the three main experimental designs?

A

-Independent measures
-Repeated measures
-Matched pairs

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17
Q

What does independent measures involve?

A

Using different people in each condition that only do one condition

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18
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of independent measures?

A

😀Demand characteristics and order effects less likely
😀Quicker to complete
😫Individual differences more likely to affect results
😫More participants are needed

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19
Q

What does repeated measures involve?

A

Using the same people in each condition

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20
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of repeated measures?

A

😀Individual differences are less likely to affect results
😀Less participants needed
😫Higher likelihood of demand characteristics
😫suffers from order effects

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21
Q

How can we overcome order effects in a repeated measures design?

A

Counterbalancing

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22
Q

What happens in counterbalancing?

A

The participants are divided into two groups and do the conditions in a different order. (AB and BA)

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23
Q

Does counterbalancing eliminate order effects?

A

No it just balances out evenly across conditions

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24
Q

What does matched pairs involve?

A

Using different participants in each condition, but these participants are matched with another similar participant

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25
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of matched pairs?

A

😀Individual differences less likely to affect the results
😀Lower likelihood that participants suffer from order effects/demand characteristics
😫time consuming
😫impossible to exactly match two individuals

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26
Q

What is a target population?

A

the group of people who the researcher wants to apply their results to

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27
Q

What is the sample?

A

A small number of people from the target population who take part in the investigation

28
Q

What should the sample do?

A

Represent the target population so that we can generalise the results to the rest of the target population

29
Q

What are the 5 sampling techniques?

A

-Random
-Opportunity
-Volunteer
-Systematic
-Stratified

30
Q

What is sampling bias and how do we prevent it?

A

It happens when the sample isn’t representative of the population. Larger samples help prevent this.

31
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of random sampling?

A

😀No researcher bias
😀More likely to be a representative sample
😫Very time consuming for a psychologist
😫May still be unrepresentative

32
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of opportunity sampling?

A

😀Quicker and easier
😀Less likely to be representative
😫There may be researcher bias

33
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of volunteer sampling?

A

😀Quicker and easier to do
😀no researcher bias
😫less likely to be representative

34
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of systematic sampling?

A

😀No researcher bias
😫less likely to be representative

35
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of stratified sampling?

A

😀Most representative sampling method
😀No researcher bias
😫Time consuming and difficult to do

36
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small scale trial run of the investigation/experiment before the study.

37
Q

Why are pilot studies done?

A

In order to find out if certain things don’t work

38
Q

What is the ceiling effect and the floor effect?

A

If the study is too easy (ceiling effect) or too hard (floor effect)

39
Q

Where are lab experiments conducted?

A

In tightly controlled environments

40
Q

What does the experimenter do in a lab experiment?

A

Manipulate the IV

41
Q

The procedure and instructions are …….. in lab experiments?

A

scientific

42
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of lab experiments?

A

😀 It has high internal validity
😀High reliability
😫low ecological validity
😫likely to suffer from demand characteristics

43
Q

What do quasi experiments have?

A

An IV that is based on an existing difference between people

44
Q

Does the experimenter manipulate the IV in a quasi experiment?

A

No, it simply exists

45
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of quasi experiments?

A

😀High reliability
😫Confounding variables are present

46
Q

Where are field experiments conducted?

A

In a more natural environment

47
Q

What does the experimenter manipulate in a field experiment?

A

deliberately manipulates the IV

48
Q

Does the experiment control EVs in a field experiment?

A

The experimenter controls some of the EVs

49
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of field experiments?

A

😀High ecological validity
😀Fewer demand characteristics
😫Lack of control
😫May break ethical issues

50
Q

Where are natural experiments conducted?

A

In a natural environment

51
Q

Does the experimenter control the IV of a natural experiment?

A

No, they have no control

52
Q

Does the experimenter control the EVs in natural experiments?

A

No, they have no control

53
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of natural experiments?

A

😀High ecological validity
😀Fewer demand characteristics
😫Lack of control
😫They cannot be easily replicated

54
Q

What is an ethical issue?

A

A conflict between what the researcher needs and the rights of the participant

55
Q

What identifies and proposes ethical issues for psychologists?

A

British Psychological Society (BPS)

56
Q

What are the 6 ethical issues named in the BPS?

A

-Deception
-Informed consent
-Protection of participants
-Right to withdraw
-Confidentiality
-Privacy

57
Q

How can we deal with deception?

A

Debriefing

58
Q

Which 3 situations are consent not available?

A

-When children are participating
-When deception is necessary
-In field experiments

59
Q

What are the three forms of consent?

A

-Prior general consent
-Presumptive consent
-Parental consent

60
Q

What level of distress is considered acceptable in an experiment?

A

No more than they would experience in everyday life

61
Q

Which example study did the participants feel they lost the right to withdraw?

A

Milgram (1965)

62
Q

How can you resolve the issue of right to withdraw?

A

Inform participants that they can stop participating in the study at any time.

63
Q

How can you resolve the issue of confidentiality?

A

Maintain anonymity, this can be done by referring to participants with initials or numbers.

64
Q

How can you resolve the issue of privacy?

A

Participants shouldn’t be studied in situations where they wouldn’t expect to be “normally” seen.

65
Q

What 3 things must a consent form include?

A

-Purpose of investigation
-Procedural information
-Ethical information

66
Q

What should the procedural section of a consent form include?

A

-The way participants will be assessed before and after.
-The researchers training to conduct
-Duration of procedure
-Random allocation of participants

67
Q

What should the ethical information in a consent form include?

A

-No pressure to consent
-Can withdraw at any time
-Can withdraw data from study
-Their data will be kept confidential and anonymous
-Feel free to ask questions

A level Psychology Paper 2 (24 decks)

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