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A level Psychology Paper 2 > Biopsychology - Booklet 1 > Flashcards

Biopsychology - Booklet 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A network of cells in the human, our main internal communication system

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2
Q

What are the two sub-systems in the nervous system?

A

-Central nervous system
-Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Which approach is biopsychology part of?

A

It’s part of biological structures, from the biological approach

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Its function is to control behaviour and regulate the body’s physiological processes

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6
Q

What is the brains function in the CNS?

A

It’s the centre of all consciousness and deals with higher order skills such as problem solving

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7
Q

What are the three functions of the spinal cord in the CNS?

A

-To relay information between brain and body
-To transfer messages to the PNS
-Deal with some reflex responses without the brain

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8
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) do?

A

It transmits millions of signals vie neurons to and from the CNS

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9
Q

What are the two sub divisions of the PNS?

A

-Autonomic nervous system
-Somatic nervous system

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10
Q

What are the two branches of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

-Sympathetic branch
-Parasympathetic branch

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11
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Transmitting and receiving messages from the organs

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system focus on?

A

Bodily arousal

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system focus on?

A

Bodily calm

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14
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

To transmit and receive messages from the senses and control muscle movement.

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15
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system called?

A

Neurons

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16
Q

What do Neurons do?

A

They allow the nervous system to communicate by sending information using chemical and electrical signals

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17
Q

How many types of neurons are there?

A

3

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18
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron include?

A

A nucleus

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19
Q

What does the nucleus of a neuron contain?

A

The genetic material of the cell

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20
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branch like structures that come away from the cell body

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21
Q

What do dendrites carry?

A

Nerve impulses from neighbouring neurons towards the cell body

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22
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Carries impulses away from the cell body down the length of the neuron

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23
Q

What is the axon covered by?

A

The myelin sheath, which protects the axon and speeds up electrical transmission

24
Q

How is the myelin sheath structured?

A

Broken up into chunks so there’s gaps between it, making electrical transmissions even faster

25
Q

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath named?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

26
Q

What is at the end of the axon?

A

Terminal buttons that communicate with the next neuron in the chain across the synapse

27
Q

Identify the three types of neurons

A

-Sensory Neuron
-Relay Neuron
-Motor Neuron

28
Q

What is the function of the Sensory neuron?

A

These send signals from sense organs to the brain, from the PNS to the CNS

29
Q

What is the function of the relay neurons?

A

They connect the sensory neurons to the motor/relay neurons

30
Q

What is the function of the motor neurons?

A

These connect the CNS/the brain to effectors such as muscles and glands

31
Q

What are the 6 steps of sensory receptors in the nervous system?

A

-Sensory receptor detects a stimulus
-Electrical impulse is carried along a sensory neuron
-It reaches the CNS
-Brain coordinates large amount of info
-It produces a response and sends it along motor neuron to effector organs
-effector organs produce response

32
Q

What is the 5 part chain from Sensory receptor to effector organ?

A

Sensory receptors

↓

Sensory neurons

↓

CNS

↓

Motor neuron

↓

Effector organ

33
Q

Where do signals cross between neurons?

A

At the synapse

34
Q

What is synaptic transmission

A

It’s how the nervous system transmits information across a synaptic cleft

35
Q

What are the 4 simplified steps of synaptic transmission?

A

-Active potential trigger vesicles to move to pre-synaptic cell membrane
-Vesicles fuse with membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the cleft
-Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse and binds to receptors on post-synaptic cell membrane
-When enough receptors have neurotransmitters, signal is transmitted

36
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron

37
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

Carry signals across the synaptic cleft to the receptor site

38
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

-Excitatory
-Inhibitory

39
Q

What is a type of neurotransmitter we study in aggression and psychopathology?

A

Serotonin, it causes inhibition in the receiving neuron

40
Q

What is a type of neurotransmitter which, unlike serotonin, causes excitation of the neuron?

A

Adrenalin

41
Q

If there was an exam question asking “why information only travels in one direction in a synapse”, how must you phrase your answer (3 points)?

A

-As vesicles containing neurotransmitters are only present in pre-synaptic cell
-Receptor sites are only present on post synaptic cell
-When neurotransmitters bind they then pass the message on to the next neuron

42
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A network of glands throughout the body that uses blood vessels to deliver hormones to target sites in the body

43
Q

What do hormones do?

A

They are secreted into the bloodstream and affect any cell in the body that has a receptor for that hormone

44
Q

What comparison can be made between the nervous system and endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system is much slower however has a widespread and powerful effect

45
Q

What are the major glands in the endocrine system?

A

-Pituitary gland
-Adrenal gland
-Reproductive organs

46
Q

What do glands produce?

A

They produce and release hormones

47
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

This releases some hormones which are important in regulating the endocrine system. It is known as the “master gland”

48
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

Important in the fight or flight response, it releases the hormone adrenalin

49
Q

What is the function of the testes gland?

A

Releasing the hormone testosterone

50
Q

What is the function of the ovaries gland?

A

Releasing Oestrogen and Progesterone

51
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals that circulate the bloodstream and are carried to the target site in the body

52
Q

What is it thought of hormones?

A

That they influence behaviour, each having a different effect

53
Q

When is the Fight or flight response activated? (SAM)

A

In response to a threat or stressor

54
Q

What does SAM stand for?

A

Sympathomedullary pathway

55
Q

What is the sequence of the SAM pathway (fight or flight)? (6 steps)

A

-When stressor is present the hypothalamus is activated
-This activates autonomic branch of the NS
-Stimulation of the sympathetic branch triggers activation of adrenal gland
-Adrenal medulla activated
-Adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
-This leads to increased heart rate, breathing and blood flow to muscles. As well as dilated pupils/sweat

56
Q

What are the 10 simple steps for the fight or flight?

A

-Threat/Stressor
-Hypothalamus activated
-Autonomic NS
-SAM pathway activated
-Sympathetic NS
-Adrenal Gland
-Adrenal Medulla
-Produce adrenaline/noradrenaline
-Bodily functions e.g. breathing, heart rate, pupils dilate, blood to muscles
-Parasympathetic NS

A level Psychology Paper 2 (24 decks)

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