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Research method Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a lab experiment

A

Conducted in a controlled environment where IV observed by researcher to see effects on the DV

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2
Q

What is a field experiment

A

In a natural environment, IV still manipulated but done in an environment which is typical for behaviour being studied

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3
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

In natural environment but IV not directly manipulated but naturally occurring

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4
Q

What is a quasi experiment

A

IV based on existing differences between people all naturally occurring

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5
Q

Define aim

A

Identifies purpose of investigation

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6
Q

Define independent variable

A

Thing that is manipulated/changed

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7
Q

Define dependent variable

A

What’s measured

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8
Q

Define extraneous variable

A

Anything that impacts the DV that’s not the IV

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9
Q

What is operationalism

A

Explaining how the variables could be manipulated/measured

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10
Q

Define hypothosis

A

Testable statement often generated from a theory with either a predicted difference or predicted relationship between variables

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11
Q

What is a directional hypothosis

A

States the way they predict the results will go

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12
Q

What is a non-directional hypotheses

A

States there will be a difference but not what that will be

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13
Q

What is a null-hypothesis

A

no difference or difference down to chance

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14
Q

What are the 5 ethics a study must have

A

Deception, withdrawal, consent, protection from harm, privacy

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15
Q

What is Demand characteristics

A

Participants acting how they think they are supposed to act

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16
Q

What is a single blind design

A

Participants unaware of researchers aims

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17
Q

what is deception

A

lying about studys aim

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18
Q

what is the indirect investigator effect

A

cues from investigator that encourages curtain behaviour

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19
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

ppt and conductor both blind to aims and hypothosis

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20
Q

what are situational variables

A

features of research situation that influences behaviour

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21
Q

what are extranous variables

A

found beforehand and accounted for

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22
Q

what are confounding variables

A

didnt account for or eliminate beforehand that damages validity and changes DV

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23
Q

what is a pilot study

A

small scale study done before main study to look for improvments

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24
Q

what is a control group

A

neutral group to formulate comparisons with or set a baseline

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25
Q

what is experimental design

A

way participants are used or arranged in experiments

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26
Q

what are independent group studies

A

study with 2 separate groups each doing different conditions of the study

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27
Q

pros of independent group studies

A
  • order effects avoided as pps not used multiple times
  • data collection less time consuming
  • harder to guess aim
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28
Q

cons of independent group studies

A
  • high recruitment needed
  • participant variables decreases validity
  • usually more expensive
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29
Q

what is a repeated measure study

A

all pps do all conditions

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30
Q

pros of repeated measure study

A
  • cheaper and quicker
  • less effect of participant variables
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31
Q

cons of repeated measure study

A
  • if pps drop out all data has to go
  • time consuming
  • boredom as do multiple tasks
  • work out aim of study
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32
Q

what is a matched pairs study

A

pps paired together on a variable based on study
one pps then allocated to different condition

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33
Q

pros of matched pairs study

A
  • order effects minumised
  • tailored participants
34
Q

what is a population

A

large group researcher is interested in studying

35
Q

cons of matched pairs studies

A
  • can never match exactly
  • time consuming
  • expensive
    *complex to organise
36
Q

what is a sample

A

small portion of target population

37
Q

what is random sampling

A

all have equal chance of selection

38
Q

evaluate random sampling

A
  • unbiased
  • hard and time consuming to do
  • could be unrepresentative
  • selected pps could refuse participation
39
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

every nth member selected from list

40
Q

evaluate systematic sampling

A
  • researcher has no control
  • time consuming
  • participation refusal
41
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

researcher identifies subgroup and randomly chooses a sample of them

42
Q

evaluate stratified sampling

A
  • representative so can generalise
  • subgroup cant represent ways people are different
43
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

select anyone willing and able

44
Q

evaluate opportunity sampling

A
  • convenient
  • cheaper and quicker
  • could be unrepresentative so cannot generalise
  • researcher has complete control
45
Q

what is volunteer sampling

A

participants select themselves

46
Q

evaluate volunteer sampling

A
  • easy to do
  • quick
  • higher engagement from pps
  • attract those who want to please researcher
47
Q

what are naturalistic observations

A

naturally occurring variables but no IV

48
Q

pros of naturalistic observations

A
  • high external validity
  • generalisable
49
Q

cons of naturalistic observations

A
  • lack of control
  • replication hard
  • uncontrolled extraneous variables
50
Q

what is a controlled observations

A

some variables controlled by researcher
done in lab

51
Q

pros of controlled observations

A
  • repeatable
52
Q

cons of controlled observations

A
  • findings cannot be applied in real life settings
53
Q

what are covert observations

A

pps dont know being observed

54
Q

pros of covert observations

A
  • natural behaviour increases validity
55
Q

cons of covert observations

A
  • ethical issues - need to be in public places
56
Q

what are overt observations

A

pps know being observed

57
Q

pros overt observations

A

more ethical as have concent

58
Q

cons overt observations

A

may behave differently if know being watched

59
Q

what are participant observations

A

observer takes part in behaviour being studied

60
Q

pros of participant observations

A

experiencing it first hand so higher validity

61
Q

cons of participant observations

A

may identify too strongly with group and loose focus

62
Q

what are non-participant observations

A

observer just watches behaviour

63
Q

pros non-participant observations

A

easier to keep objectives in mind

64
Q

cons of non-participant observations

A

may miss insights into behaviours that can only be found from inside

65
Q

what is event sampling

A

counting the number of times a curtain behaviour occurs in an individual

66
Q

pro of event sampling

A

good when target behaviour happens infrequently

67
Q

con of event sampling

A

if event too complex important details could be overlooked

68
Q

what is time sampling

A

recording behaviours in a given time frame

69
Q

pro of time sampling

A

reduces number of observations that have to be made

70
Q

con of time sampling

A

could be unrepresentative sample

71
Q

how can you graphically present data

A
  • summary table
  • bar chart
  • scattergrams
  • histogram
  • line graph
72
Q

what is qualitative data

A

thoughts feelings and opinions

73
Q

what is quantitative data

A

numerical data

74
Q

pros of qualitative data

A
  • more detail
  • ideas more clear
  • more meaningful insight so increases external validity
75
Q

cons of qualitative data

A
  • hard to analyse
  • patterns and comparisons hard
  • bias interpretations
76
Q

pros of quantitative data

A
  • easily to analyse
  • less open for bias
77
Q

cons of quantitative data

A
  • data narrower in meaning
  • low external validity
78
Q

pros of correlations

A
  • quick and economical
  • can be used when unethical to manipulate variables to see if affect each other
  • research can be justified if correlation is found
79
Q

cons of correlation

A
  • doesn’t determine cause and effect relationships
80
Q

what is correlation coefficient

A

number representing strength of correlation

Psychology (10 decks)

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