Attatchment Flashcards
Define attachment
Close, 2 way emotional bond between 2 individuals who see the other as essential for their own emotional security
What are the 3 attatchment behaviours
- proximity
- separation distress
- secure base behaviour
What is proximity as an attachment behaviour
Trying to stay physically close to who they are attached to
What is separation distress as an attachment behaviour
Distressed when attachment figure leaves
What is secure base behaviour as an attachment behaviour
Explore the environment but return to attatchment figure for comfort
What are the 2 caregiver infant interactions
- reciprocity
- intersectional synchrony
What is reciprocity
How 2 people interact that helps facilitate attatchment
what was belsky et als study
controlled obervation studys to see mother-infant interactions when infant 1,3 and 9 moths old
what did belsky et al find
if mothers demonstrated reciprocal interactions infants were more securely attached compared to those with less who tended to have more insecure attatchment
what is interactional synchrony
mother and infant reflect actions and emotions of eachother
what was meltzoff and moores study
interactional synchrony in infants from 2 weeks old
adult model showed 3 different facial expressions or gestures
infants response filmed
what did meltzoff and moore find
found link between expression from adult and infants actions suggesting infant imitations indicate ability to form attatchments
how has the role of the father changed in childcare
traditionally minor role but now more involvement
what do some argue the new role of the father is in the family
offer a playmate role for children and respond to their child’s needs
define multiple attachments
attachment to 2 or more people
how long does it usually take before a child is attached to their father
18 months
define fathers as a primary carer
they smile, imitate and comfort like mothers
what year was grossmans study
2002
what was grossmans study
longitudinal study
looked at parents behaviour and relationship and quality of child’s attachment into their teens
what did grossman find
quality effected by relationship with mother not father showing fathers attachment less important as relates to play rather than nurturing
what year was schaffer and emersons study
1964
what was schaffer and emersons aim
look at formation of early attachments in ages of development and the emotional intensity
what was schaffer and emersons procedure
observed 60 glaswegian babies for 18 months
visited each month for year then at 18 months
parents observe children and keep behaviour diary
included left alone, in room with stranger etc
what was schaffer and emersons results
25-32 weeks 50% had separation anxiety usually to biological mother
at 40 weeks nearly 30% had formed secondary attachments
what are schaffers 4 stages of attachment
1) asocial
2) indiscriminate attachment
3) specific attachment
4) multiple attachments
what is the first stage of attachment
asocial
when does the asocial stage happen
0-8 weeks
what happens in the asocial stage
- little observable behaviour
- happier with others than alone
- smile at anyone
- preference for familiar people
what is the second stage if attachment
indiscriminate attachment
when does indiscriminate attachment happen
2-7 months
what happens at the indiscriminate attachment stage
- more observable behaviour
- accept comfort from anyone
- smile at unfamiliar faces
what is the third stage of attachment
specific attachment
when does specific attachment happen
7-9 months
what happens in spesific attachment
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety to one person
- primary attachments to one person
- familiar adults secure base
what is the forth stage of attachment
multiple attachments
when do multiple attachments begin to form
10+ months
what happens in multiple attachment
- secondary attachments begin to form
what year was lorenzo
1953
what did lorenzo look at
gooses attatchment
what was lorenzos procedure
- hatched eggs under mother goose, or in incubator where he was first to be seen
- pretended to be mother duck
- imprinting occurred
how did lorenzo test imprinting
*put all goslings in upturned box and when removed they separated back into groups
what year was harlow
1959
what did harlow look at
monkeys attatchment
what was harlows procedure
- 2 wire mothers 1 with milk 1 wrapped in cloth
spent time with one then observed how reacted when scared
what did harlow find
cloth covered monkey favoured
comfort over food
what does lorenzos study show
imprinting happens on the first moving object seen and that fed them
