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Psychapothology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality

A
  • deviation from social norms
  • failure to function adequately
  • deviation from ideal mental health
  • statistical infrequency
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2
Q

What year did jahoda do her study

A

1958

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3
Q

What was jahodas study

A

Criteria of ideal mental health

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4
Q

What are the 6 criteria for jahodas ideal mental health

A
  • self attitudes
  • personal growth and self actualisation
  • intergration
  • autonomy
  • perception of reality
  • mastery of the environment
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5
Q

What is statistical infrequency

A

Small number of people exhibiting a behaviour that is considered abnormal

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6
Q

What is deviation from social norms

A

Abnormal behaviour that is different from how we would expect people to act

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7
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health

A

People who don’t meet requirements of a set of criteria are considered abnormal

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8
Q

What is failure to function adequately

A

People are assessed on their ability to cope with every day life

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9
Q

Negatives of statistical infrequency as a definition

A

Doesn’t take into account that infrequent characteristics can be positive

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10
Q

Positive of statistical infrequency as a definition

A

Comparing “amounts” of a behaviour or characteristic can help with diagnosis

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11
Q

Positive of deviation from social norms as a definition

A

Has real world applications of diagnosing antisocial and schzotypical personality disorders

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12
Q

Negative of deviation from social norms as a definition

A

Different cultures have different expectations of social norms so hard to make accurate diagnosis

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13
Q

Positive of deviation from ideal mental health as a definition

A

Comprehensive and allows meaningful discussion between professionals

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14
Q

Negative of deviation from ideal mental health as a definition

A

Ideas of mental health are different in different cultures

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15
Q

Positive of failure to function adequately as a definition

A

Represents the threshold of when people should ask for help

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16
Q

Negative of failure to function adequatley as a definition

A

Creates discrimination for those who choose alternative lifestyles (e.g. travellers)

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17
Q

What is a specific phobia

A

Phobia of object or situation

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18
Q

What is a social phobia

A

Phobia of social settings involving people

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19
Q

What is agoraphobia

A

Phobia of being in a public place

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20
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias

A
  • panic
  • avoidance
  • endurance
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21
Q

What is panic

A

Range of behaviours from crying, screaming, running

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22
Q

What is avoidance

A

Prevention of coming into contact with phobic stimulus

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23
Q

What is endurance

A

Choosing to remain in the presence of the phobic stimulus

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24
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias

A
  • selective attention to the phobic stimulus
  • irrational beliefs
  • cognitive distortion
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25
Q

What is cognitive distortions

A

Perception of a person with the phobia may be inaccurate and unrealistic

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26
Q

What is the two process model

A

We get a phobia through
* acquisition by classical conditioning
* maintenance by operant conditioning

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27
Q

What is acquisition by classical conditioning

A

Learning to initiate the neutral stimulus with something that already triggers a feared response

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28
Q

What year was the little Albert study

A

1920

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29
Q

What was the little Albert study

A

Baby with no anxiety, learnt to associate his pet rat with a loud banging noise and eventually generalised this to similar looking items

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30
Q

What is maintenance by operant conditioning

A

Reinforces the phobic behaviour through positive and negative reinforcement

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31
Q

Evaluate the two process model

A
  • real world applications in exposure therapy
  • doesn’t account for cognitive factors
  • shows link between bad experiences and phobias
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32
Q

What approach apposed the two process model

A

Behavioural

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33
Q

What methods of phobia treatments do behaviourists suggest

A
  • systematic desensitisation
  • flooding
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34
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

Patient and psychologist work together to create a hierarchy of feared situations and work from the bottom to be exposed to them all and work up to most feared

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35
Q

What is flooding

A

Immediately putting the patient in their worse cased scenario for a long period of time with the idea that anxiety will peak and then come down showing there’s nothing to fear

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36
Q

Evaluate systematic desensitisation

A
  • shown to be effective
  • can be used for people with learning disabilities
  • more expensive and time consuming
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37
Q

Evaluate flooding

A
  • cost effective
  • extremely traumatic and can make fear worse rather than solving
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38
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a phobia

A
  • emotional
  • behavioural
  • cognitive
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39
Q

What year was ohman et al

A

1975

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40
Q

What was ohman et als study

A

Potts presented with stimulus either fear relevant (snakes spiders) or fear irrelevant ( flowers mushrooms) and paired with an uncomfortable electric shock

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41
Q

What did ohman et al find

A

Less electric shocks needed to condition fear relevant stimulus

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42
Q

What year was worpes study

A

1960

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43
Q

What was worpes study

A

Flooding to remove girls phobia of being in car. Driven around for 4 hours until hysteria stopped

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44
Q

What year was solters study

A

2007

45
Q

What was solters study

A

Used flooding for a 5 month old baby who had traumatic stress after 3 day hospital visit where he was allowed full blown emotional response during treatment sessions. Symptoms disappeared in a month

46
Q

What is depression

A

Mood disorder where emotions are in appropriate for the current circumstances

47
Q

What are the 4 DSM-5 categories of depression

A
  • major depressive disorder
  • persistent depressive disorder
  • disruptive mood deregulation disorder
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder
48
Q

What is major depressive disorder

A

Server but often short term depression

49
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder

A

Long term or reoccurring depression including sustained major depression

50
Q

What is disruptive mood deregulation disorder

A

Childhood temper tantrums

51
Q

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

Disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation

52
Q

How do you get diagnosed with depression

A

Display at least 5 symptoms from the DSM-5 for at least 2 weeks

53
Q

What is the cognitive view on treating depression

A

Need to change the way you think about the problem rather than the problem itself

54
Q

What year was beck

A

1967

55
Q

What was becks view

A

Depressed people feel the way they do because their thinking is based on negative interpretations

56
Q

What was becks three causes of depression

A
  • Faulty informational processing
  • negative self schemas
  • negative triad
57
Q

What did beck mean by faulty information processing

A

Depressed people selectively view the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives, blowing small problems out of proportion

58
Q

What did beck mean by negative self schemas

A

Depressed people interpret ideas about themselves in a negative way

59
Q

Where do negative self schemas come from

A
  • neglect or abuse
  • loss of parent in adolescence
  • criticism by teachers
60
Q

What did beck mean by the negative triad

A

Maladaptive responses make us trapped in cycle of negative thoughts
* negative view of self
* negative view of world
* negative view of future

61
Q

What year was Ellis’ study

A

1962

62
Q

What did Ellis believe

A

Depression comes from believing irrational ideas and basing their life off of them

63
Q

How does Ellis think people get depression

A

A- ctivating event that causes
B- elifes (that are irrational)
C- onsequences

64
Q

What year was Weissman and beck

A

1978

65
Q

What was Weismann and becks aim

A

Investigate the thought processes of depressed people to establish if they use negative schemas

66
Q

What was weissman and becks procedure

A

pps filled out questionnaire if agree or disagree with a statement
Measured thought processes with the Disfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS)

67
Q

What did weissman and beck find

A

Depressed pps made more negative assessments than non depressed, when given therapy to challenge negative schemas self ratings improved

68
Q

what is becks cognitive therapy

A

challenge clients negative triad by
1) assess severity of condition
2) therapist establish starting point

69
Q

what would happen in a cognitive therapy session

A

client talk about how they perceive themselves and the world and therapist replaces these irrational ideas with more realistic ones

70
Q

what did ellis suggest

A

rational emotive behavioural therapy

71
Q

what did ellis do for REBT

A

identify and dispute patients irrational thoughts as he believed they are the main cause of all emotional differences

72
Q

what is OCD

A

disorder characterised by obsession and compulsion with repetitive, intrusive thoughts and anxiety reducing behaviours

73
Q

what is obsession

A

persistent thought idea or impulse image that feels intrusive and creates anxiety

74
Q

what is compulsion

A

repetitive and rigid behaviour or mental act driving a person to perform in order to reduce anxiety

75
Q

what does the DSM-5 say the 4 types of OCD are

A
  • ocd
  • trichotillomania
  • hoarding disorder
  • excoriation disorder
76
Q

what is trichotillomania

A

compulsive hair pulling

77
Q

what is hoarding disorder

A

compulsive gathering of posessions and inability to part with anything regardless of its value

78
Q

what is excoriation disorder

A

compulsive skin picking

79
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD X5

A
  • anxiety
  • distress
  • depression
  • guilt
  • discust
80
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD X3

A
  • repetitive compulsion
  • anxiety reduction compulsions
  • avoidance
81
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD X3

A
  • obsessive thoughts
  • cognitive coping strategies
  • awareness of excessive anxiety
82
Q

what are the genetic explanations of OCD

A
  • predispositions inherited
83
Q

what year was taylors study on OCD and genetics

A

2013

84
Q

what did taylor find about genetical explanations of OCD

A

*230 genes linked to OCD
* COMT gene reduces dopamine
* SERT gene lowers seretonin levels

85
Q

what year was nestadts study on genetic explanations of ocd

A

2010

86
Q

what did nestadt find about genetical explanations of ocd

A

twin studies found
* identical twins 68% OCD coordination
* unidentical twins 31% OCD coordinance

87
Q

what are the neural explanations of OCD

A

damage to the brain structure can change personality
* too little seretonin and too high dopamine

88
Q

what does seretonin do

A

contrabutes to well-being and happiness , helps sleep cycle and digestive system

89
Q

what does dopamine do

A

creates feelings of pleasure addiction and motivation

90
Q

what is the diathesis stress model

A

idea that a mental disorder when person has a vunerability or disposition combined with stressful life event

91
Q

what is co-morbidity

A

where 2 ore more disorders are likely to be present together ( e.g. OCD and depression)

92
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

brain chemicals relay signals across synapses

93
Q

what is polygenic

A

more that one gene contributes to a disorder

94
Q

what is a neuron

A

nerve cells that produce and transmit messages through electrical or chemical signals

95
Q

what does the orbital prefrontal cortex do

A

sends worry signals to the thalmus

96
Q

what does the caudate nucleus do

A

monitor signals

97
Q

what does the thalmus do

A

send filtered version of danger back

98
Q

what is neuroanatomy as a biological explanation of OCD

A

messages get sent to thalmus and fixated on

99
Q

what is the hippocampus gyrus

A

controls unpleasant emotions such as fear

100
Q

what does the biological approach suggest to treat OCD

A

drug therapies as assume a chemical imbalance in the brain

101
Q

what is the COMT gene

A

dopamine excess

102
Q

what is the SERT gene

A

serotonin lack

103
Q

what are SSRI’S

A

prevent the re-absorption of serotonin to increase its overall levels

104
Q

what are tricycilics

A

older antidepressant that increases serotonin
can have bad side effects

105
Q

what are SNRI’s

A

increases serotonin and noradrenaline

106
Q

what are the evaluation points of drug therapies

A
  • side effects
  • cost effective
  • ignores trauma
  • effective at tackling symptoms
  • addictive
107
Q

what do benzos do

A

slows CNS enhancing GABA which has a quieting effect on brain

108
Q

what year was oconnor

A

1999

109
Q

what did oconnor look at

A

effect of the combination of CBT and drugs
patients in all but nothing group had improvements but best when had both

Psychology (10 decks)

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