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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define memory

A

Way we retain information on events that happened previously

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2
Q

Define capacity

A

Amount of info held in memory store

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3
Q

Define duration

A

Length of time info can be held in memory

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4
Q

Define Coding

A

Type of info held

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5
Q

what year did baddley do his research on duration

A

1966

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6
Q

what did baddley do in his research on duration

A

pps 4 word lists ( acoustically/semantically similar/dissimilar)
either recalled immediately or after 20 minutes

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7
Q

what did baddley find in his research on duration

A

STM worse for AS suggesting it’s acoustically coded
LTM worse for SS suggesting coding is semantic

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8
Q

evaluate baddleys research on duration

A

artificial stimuli
*not meaningful words

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9
Q

what year did jacobs do his study on capacity

A

1887

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10
Q

what did jacobs find in his research on capacity

A

*average span of numbers remembered 9.3
items
*span for letters 7.3

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11
Q

evaluate jacobs research on capacity

A

lacks validity as a long time ago

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12
Q

what year did miller do his research on chunking

A

1956

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13
Q

what did miller find about chunking

A

capacity of remembering increases if we chunk information

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14
Q

evaluate millers research on chunking

A

overestimated number of chunks
*cowan (2004) found its actually 4

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15
Q

Define rehearsal

A

way of transferring Information to LTM

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16
Q

what year did peterson and peterson do their study on rehersal

A

1959

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17
Q

what did petersen and peterson look at in their study of rehersal

A

how long STM lasts when rehearsal is prevented

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18
Q

what did petersen and peterson find in their study about rehersal

A
  • recall was 80% after 3 seconds
    *10% after 18 seconds
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19
Q

what was peterson and petersons procedure in their study of rehersal

A

*given trigrams
*count back from a number for amount of time
(3 , 6 , 9, 12 , 15 , 18 seconds)

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20
Q

evaluate peterson and petersons study on rehersal

A

meaningless stimuli
* not relevant to real life information with meaning so we are more likely to remember it

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21
Q

Define displacement

A

Too much info in STM so first piece replaced when maximum capacity happens

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22
Q

what year was bahrick et al research

A

1975

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23
Q

what did bahrick et al do

A

392 high school grads remember classmates names (either with or without photos)

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24
Q

what did bahrick et al find

A
  • up to 34 years very strong results
    *better with photos
    *dip in recall after 47 years
    (ageing or duration)
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25
Q

What does the study of hm show

A

STM and LTM stores are two different distinctive stores

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26
Q

evaluate the multi store memory model

A
  • shows LTM and STM are different stores
  • may not be valid for every day life
  • more than one STM store (non verbal sounds)
  • prolonged rehersal not needed for LTM
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27
Q

what is the multi store model of memory

A

representation of memorys 3 stores. STM LTM and sensory register and how info is transfered between these

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28
Q

what is the sensory register

A

memory stores for each 5 senses

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29
Q

What is an episodic memory

A

Store for personal events that have to be retrieved consciously

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30
Q

What is semantic memory

A

Long term memory of knowledge on the world and what things mean

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31
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Remembering how to do things. Don’t need to think about how to do it. May find it hard to explain how to do it

32
Q

what year did tulving do his research on brain scans

A

1994

33
Q

what was tulvings procedure for brain scans research

A

participants done memory tasks whilst having brains scanned

34
Q

what did tulving find in his brain scan study

A
  • semantic recalled from left side of prefrontal
    cortex and episodic right side
    * this supports multiple LTM stores
35
Q

who designed the working memory model

A

baddley and hitch

36
Q

what is the working memory model

A

representation of STM having multiple components

37
Q

what are the 4 components of the working memory model

A
  • central executive
  • phonological loop
  • visuospatial sketchpad
  • episodic buffer
38
Q

What is the central executive

A

Monitors data received, allocates resources and decision maker

39
Q

What is the phonological loop

A

processes info in terms of sound, both written and spoken material. phonological store and articulatory control system

40
Q

What is the visual spatial sketch pad

A

Visual information, manipulates mental imagery

41
Q

What is the episodic buffer

A

Temporary store for information, links to LTM

42
Q

why can studies with patients with brain damage not always be trusted

A
  • unique situations so not representative
  • cannot make before and after comparisons
43
Q

weaknesses of working memory model

A
  • functions of central executive vague and hard
    to test
44
Q

what is interference

A

forgetting because a memory blocks another one

45
Q

what is proactive interference

A

Old information interferes with new

46
Q

what is retroactive interference

A

new memory interferes with older one

47
Q

what year did underwood and postman do their research

A

1960

48
Q

what was underwood and postman’s research

A
  • does new learning interfere with previous
  • group 1 learned a and b list group 2 learned
    just a
    *then had to all recall list a
49
Q

what did underwood and postman find

A
  • group 2s recall better
  • list b interfered with group 1s memory
  • shows retroactive interference
50
Q

what year did baddley and hitch do their research in interference

A

1977

51
Q

what did baddley and hitch do to research interference

A
  • rugby players recall teams recently played
    (week , month or day ago)
52
Q

what did baddley and hitch find in their interference research

A
  • recall was same no matter how long ago last
    game was
  • shows incorrect recall not due to decay but
    number of intervening games
53
Q

evaluate interference as an explanation of forgetting

A
  • done in lab so repeatable
  • done in lab not accurate to real life
  • doesnt explain every day forgetting
    (baddley and hitch)
54
Q

define trace decay

A

gradual fading of memories

55
Q

what year did tulving do the encoding specify principle

A

1983

56
Q

what did tulving do for the encoding specify principle

A

reviewed research into retrieval failure and discovered consistent pattern
* cues help with recall if was present at encoding
* if cues not there forgetting likely to happen

57
Q

define contex dependent forgetting

A

depends on environment that encoding occurs and how this acts as a cue in same environment

58
Q

define state dependent forgetting

A

internal state of ppt when encoding occurs

59
Q

what year did godden and baddely do their research on contex dependent forgetting

A

1975

60
Q

what was godden and baddelys procedure for their sutudy on context dependent forgetting

A

divers has to learn and recall information either under or above water (4 conditions)

61
Q

what did godden and baddelys find in their study on context dependent forgetting

A

recall 40% lower in non matching condition
shows environment in coding acts as a cue

62
Q

what year did carter and cassaday do their research on state dependent forgetting

A

1998

63
Q

what did carter and cassaday do for their research on state dependent forgetting

A

effect of antihistamine
learned and recalled word list with or without drug (4 conditions)

64
Q

what did carter and cassaday find in their research on state dependent forgetting

A

performance significantly worse when conditions didnt match as cues absent

65
Q

what is retrieval failure

A

form of forgetting where we don’t have cues neccessary to remember

66
Q

what year did loftus and palmer do their research on misleading information

A

1974

67
Q

what did loftus and palmer do for their research on misleading information

A

participants watched film on car accident
“what speed were the cars going when they contacted / collided / bumped / smashed “

68
Q

what did loftus and palmer find in their research on misleading information

A

smashed - 40.8 mph
bumped - 38.1 mph
contacted - 31.8 mph

69
Q

what is response bias

A

no real effect on memory only how question is answered

70
Q

what is substitution explanations

A

wording of question changes memory as altered before permanently stored

71
Q

what year did gabbert do his research on post event discussion

A

2003

72
Q

what did gabbert do for his research on post event discussion

A

watched video of girl stealing and tested individually or in group
group told watched same video but all actually different
discussed and then done individual survey

73
Q

what did gabbert find in his research on post event discussion

A

71% group recalled things they hadnt seen
60% said girl was guilty even though wasnt

74
Q

what 4 other studies look at anxiety in eye witness testimonies

A

johnson and scott (1976)
yuille and cutshall (1986)
parker et al (2006)
valentine and mesout (2009)

75
Q

what is cognative interviewing

A

method of police interviewing witnesses that encourages them to recreate original context to increase accesibility of stored info

76
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognative interviews

A

1) report everything
2) re-instate the context
3) reverse the order
4) change the perspective

Psychology (10 decks)

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