Research in medicine Flashcards
Define evidence based medicine
Critical use of best evidence to make decisions about patient care
EBM is the intersection of which 3 factors
Best available research evidence
Clinical expertise (health professional knowledge)
Patient values/preferences
Study design evidence hierarchy: weakest to strongest evidence?
Editorials/expert opinion Case series/reports Case control studies Cohort studies RCTs Systematic reviews
Synthesised evidence hierarchy: weakest to strongest?
Studies (original journal article)
Synopses of studies (EBM journal abstract)
Synthesis (systematic reviews)
Synopsis of synthesis (systematic review abstracts)
Summaries (EBM summaries and clinical guidelines)
Systems (computerised decision support systems)
5 types of systematic reviews
Intervention Diagnostic test accuracy Prognostic Methodological Qualitative
Do you need to know the steps of a systematic review?
Yes
Do you need to know the difference between a systematic review and a narrative/literature review
Yes
NHPAs: who made?
Australian Health Minister’s Advisory Council between 1996-2012
NHPAs: acronym and what are they?
A DAD COMIC Arthritis and MSK conditions Diabetes mellitus Asthma Dementia Cancer control Obesity Mental health Injury prevention and control Cardiovascular health
NHPAs were replaced by what?
How did its approach differ?
National Strategic Framework for Chronic Coniditions
Rather than focusing on one diease, manages/prevents shared underlying risk factors
Do you need to know about 5 ways that biomedical research betters the world
Yes
Do you need to know about Australians’ attitudes towards biomedical science?
Yes
Do you need to know funding statistics?
Yes
Main differences in funding sources in America and Australia?
In America, mainly from industry. In Australia, mainly from gov
More philanthropic in America vs Australia
Health spending over time in Australia vs America
- Similarities
- Difference
- Life expectancy
Both increase over time.
More spending in America vs Australia, despite Australia having a higher life expectancy
5 reasons for escalating health costs?
Ageing population Increased demand for services Chronic diseases Consumer expectations New health technologies
2 reasons why it takes so long for drugs to get developed?
Due to the various regulatory stages
Because it costs money for drugs to be developed
Do you need to know what the clinical trial stages are?
Yes
Most cost occurs in phase _ and _ clinical trials
3 and 4
Return on investement statistics - do you need to know
Yes
5 ways of reducing time of clinical translation
Removing red tape Better collaboration More resources Have researchers/clinicians working in parallel Less focus on mechanisms
What is negative data
Data that is non significant
Why might researchers not publish negative data.
What is a consequence of this??
Because they need to compete for positions and funding
Define: reproducibility
When consistent results are obtained, when the same method is used
What 4 factors can lead to irreproducible data
Poor experimental design –> false positives
Failing to report all data
Publish or perish
Decreased funding
Do you need to know why there is a lack of reproducibility in translation from animal models to humans
Yes
Do you need to know Research Australia’s strategic plan for biomedical research
Yes
In 2007, the NHMRC, the Australian Research Council and Universities Australia relaesed the
Australian Code for Responsible Conduct of Research
Purpose of the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research
Describe the values of good research practice
Provide institutions a framework to resolve allegations of research misconduct
Do you need to know examples of breaches to research integrity?
Yes
Animal ethics committees approve application to use animals in
Research and teaching
Do you need to know what laws/codes Monash adheres to in terms of animal ethics
Yes
Do you need to know what the membership of an animal ethics committee is
Yes
Do you need to know what factors AECs assess
Yes
3 ways to use less animals?
Reduce
Refine (modify experimental procedures to reduec pain)
Replace
Do you need to know:
- types of animals used by state
- severity of procedure by state
- types of diseases studies
Yes Do yo uneed to know uses of non human primate research?
Ebola vaccine was tested in
non human primates
Do you need to know about regulations for stem cell research
Yes
