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BMS3052 > Comorbidities: CVD and resp, neuro and nutrition > Flashcards

Comorbidities: CVD and resp, neuro and nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE

A

Yes

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2
Q

Do you need to know about general stroke complications, by body part?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What are 2 chronic complications of stroke?

A

Recurrent stroke

Death

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4
Q

RRecurrent stroke:

  • Occurs in what % of stroke patients?
  • Recurrent strokes are ikely to be more _____ or result in ______
A

10%

Severe, death

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5
Q

Do you need to know stroke survival by stroke type?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is a key acute complication of stroke?

A

Pneumonia

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7
Q

What is the mechanism through which stroke increases bacteria in the lungs

A

After stroke, there is increased adrenergic nerve output and more adrenaline.
Adrenaline passes through GIT epithelium and alters GIT microbiota compositoin.
This increases bacteria in the lung.

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8
Q

Do you need to know the mouse and human studies that show that there’s increased bacteria in lungs following stroke?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Two ways to prevent post stroke lung infections?

A

Sympathetic nervous system inhibition

Antibiotics

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10
Q

Does sympathetic nervous system inhibition work in rats? Do you need to know the study?

A

Yes

Yes

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11
Q

Do antibiotics work in rat and human studies? Do you need to know about studies?

A

Only in rat studies.

Yes

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12
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE

A

:D

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13
Q

Describe mechanism through which stroke activates immune system to cause further infarction.

A

Stroke happens, and sympathetic output increass.
This activates lymphoid organs, which release immune cells. Immune cells infiltrate the brain (in stroke, BBB is leaky). Here, immune cells release ROS and cytokines –> neuron death.

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14
Q

Is spleen smaller or larger in stroke mice and why?

Do you need to know studies?

A

Smaller, as immune cells ahve left it.

Yes

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15
Q

What is the order of immune cells infiltrating the brain?

Do you need to know more details?

A 
AStrocytes
Innate immune cells 
Adaptive immune cells 
Recovery 
Yes
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16
Q

Have clinical trials of anti inflammatory drugs in treating ischemic stroke been successful?

A

No, all have failed.

17
Q

Can stroke harm the immune system?

A

Yes

18
Q

Do you need to know how stroke leads to systemic and pulmonary hypertension?

A

Yes

19
Q

What is the mechanism through which ischemic stroke alters vascular reactivity, leading to hypertension?

A

Stroke –> increased sympathetic output –> increased leukocytes.
Leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells and release ROS, which soak up NO
Less VSMC relaxation –> hypertension

20
Q

Do you need to know vascular reactivity studies in rats?

A

Yes

21
Q

Can stroke cause epilepsy?

A

Yes

22
Q

Do you need to know epidemiology of post stroke epilepsy?

A

Yes

23
Q

Can anti epileptic drugs cause CV complications and increase risk of stroke? Do you need to know more information?

A

Yes

24
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND NUTRITION

A

:D

25
Q

Do you need to know what the good and bad bacteria are?

A

Yes

26
Q

Western diet: impact on good and bad bacteria, and risk of chronic illness

A

Increases bad bacteria, decreases good bacteria

Increases chronic illness risk

27
Q

Effect of mediterranean diet on good bacteria and chronic disease risk?

A

Increases good bacteria

Decreases chronic disease risk

28
Q

2 ways in whichpoor diet leads to CVD

A

Weakens GI integrity, enabling bad bacteria to leak into circulation

Increases bad : good bacteira ratio, activates immune system –> CVD

29
Q

Do you need to know vehicle vs AngII and conventional vs germ free mice studies?

A

Yes

30
Q

How does fibre decrease hypertension?

A

In colon, commensal bacteria ferment fibre to release short chain fatty acids, which diffuse into bloodstream and act on receptors to decrease blood pressur

31
Q

Do you need to know what the short chain fatty acids are and what receptors they act on?

A

Yes

32
Q

What are the first line and second line treatments for hypertension?

A

First line: lifestyle changes.

Second line: ACE/angiotensin antagonists, beta blockers, calcium channel antagonists, diuretics.

33
Q

What is resistant hypertension?

A

when blood pressure is not under 140/90, despite 3 BP lowering drugs being used (including 1 diuretic) at optimal dosage

34
Q

Do you need to know

  • Consequences of resistant hypertension
  • Risk factors
  • Evaluation of resistant hypertension
  • Other medicaions that can interfere with BP control?
A

Yes

35
Q

Do you need to know about current and future treatments of resistant hypertension

A

Yes

36
Q

Do you need to know link between hypertension and Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Yes

BMS3052 (15 decks)

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