Parkinson's disease Flashcards
Do you need to know statistics?
Yes
In Parkinson’s disease, which neurons are affected?
Those that start in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which project to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
What are the two pain causes of Parkinson’s disease?
Perturbed alpha synuclein proteostasis
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Alpha synuclein is misfolded, and they form
toxic oligomers
What are the 4 immediate fates of toxic oligomers
Autophagy –> lysosomal dependent degradation
Proteasomal degradation
Contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction
Form beta pleated sheets
4 fates of beta pleated sheets
Inhibited lysosome dependent degradation
Formation of Lewy bodies
Cell death
Trans synaptic transmission
Do you need to know about mitochondrial dysfunction
Yes
2 key pathological aspects?
Apoptosis of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons
Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites with alpha synuclein stained processes
Are lewy bodies are initially found in the olfactory bulb, enteric and autonomic nervous systems and brain stem prior to appearance in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
Yes
What are the physiological consequences of death/dysfunction of SNpc neurons?
Overactivity of indirect pathway and underactivity of direct pathway
More inhibitory output from basal ganglia output structures to thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus –> reduced amplitude of movements/gaits
5 motor symptoms?
Tremors Rigidity Akinesia Postural/gait instability Bradykinesia
Non motor symptoms?
Sleep dysfunction ANS dysfunction Olfactory dysfunction Psychiatric symptoms Cognitive impairment Pain
Diagnosis usually occurs with the onset of _____ symptoms. However, non ____ symptoms can appear up to 20 years earlier
motor, non motor
How to make diagnosis?
Displaying clinical features of tremors, rigidity, akinesia, postural/gait instability
post mortem pathological examination confirms degeneration of SNpc, lewy bodies/neurites
Do you need to know genetic and environmental and risk factors
Yes
