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1st Semester Final > Research Exam > Flashcards

Research Exam Flashcards

crammin for it

1
Q

True positive

A

Those with the disease who get a positive test result

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2
Q

False positive

A

Those without the disease who get a positive test result

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3
Q

True negative

A

Those without the disease who get a negative result

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4
Q

False negative

A

Those with the disease who get a negative result

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5
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability of a test to correctly classify a positive result

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6
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of a test to correclty classify a negative result

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7
Q

Precision

A

Measure of ability to get the same value repeatedly, reliablility

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8
Q

Accuracy

A

Measure of ability to get the correct value, validity

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9
Q

Rate

A

Quantity measure over time, time is most often measured in person years

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10
Q

Incidence rate

A

Probability of developing a disease over a period of time

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11
Q

Person years

A

A measure of theoretical person per year, either 1 person per year or 2 people for 6 months each, etc.

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12
Q

Prevalence=

A

Incidence x average duration

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13
Q

Incidence

A

New diagnoses made in a year

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14
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of people who currently have the condition

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15
Q

Prevalence and incidence are….

A

…inversely related

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16
Q

Mortality and incidence relationship

A

Mortality=incidence x fatality rate

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17
Q

What are ways we look for reliability of a journal article? Specifically, what things do we look for in the author/journal/references/relevancy

A

Author - background, employment, history
Journal - well known, who funds and reviews?
References - who are they citing and why, any conflict of interest?
Relevance - must be addressing something related to what you are exploring

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18
Q

Abstract

A

A brief summary of intro, purpsoe, methods, results, and findings - quick place to assess relevancy

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19
Q

Critical appraisal of article

A

specifically looking at the study design and if the conclusions are supported by the results, best done using the FRISBE acronym

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20
Q

FRISBE

A

Follow up - were patients outcomes accounted for at end of study
Randomization - Equal chance being assigned to experimental or control group
Intention to treat analysis - are the results analyzed based on intended original treatment
Similar baseline characteristics - did patients have characteristics that could cause even outocome distribution
Blinding - study blinded
Equal treatment - controlling for any other confounding variables not being tested

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21
Q

Case control study characteristics

A

Analysis of a patient with the disease (case) and without (control) to analyze effect of known risk factors with specific outcome, study rare conditions

22
Q

Cohort study characteristics

A

Dividing up of patient with one characteristic versus another who all already have a disease to follow them to see differences in outcome to determine cause and effect of characteristic

23
Q

Randomized clinical trial characteristics

A

Often used to study intervention or cure of disease state, highest level of causality because can be blind

24
Q

Reference test

A

Also known as gold standard test, the most accurate way of confirming a diagnosis but typically not preferred to use in treatment because it may be very invasive or cause significant problems for the patient in question

25
Q

MAARIE framework acronym

A 
Method
Assignment
Assessment
Results
Interpretation
extrapolation
26
Q

Method (maarie framework)

A

What is the question, who are the subjects/population being studied?

27
Q

Assignment (maarie framework)

A

What is the method to assign participants to control and study groups, is this a good method or flawed?

28
Q

Assessmnet (maarie framework)

A

Does the measurement of outcomes address the study’s question?

29
Q

Results (maarie framework)

A

What is the magnitude of strength of relationship, is it statistically significant?

30
Q

Interpretation (maarie framework)

A

What can we say about those involved in the study

31
Q

Extrapolation (maarie framework)

A

What can we generalize about others not involved in the study

32
Q

Systematic review

A

Belongs to synthesis 5S model. Seeks to answer a specific clinical question by analyzing all the findings from an entire body of primary research regarding the topic. Involves several experts collaborrating over a long time

33
Q

A systematic review includes

A 
Eligibility criteria
Search strategy
Assessment of findings
Discussion of results
Reference list
34
Q

Background research

A

Forms the foundation of the 5S model, includes information in textbooks, databases, encyclopedias, etc often useful for getting a general idea or picture

35
Q

Randomized controlled trial

A

Highest ranked study type using 5S model, examines outcomes of 2 randomly assigned groups with one group receiving a standard intervention and another receiving a new or different one

36
Q

Filtered, pre-appraised, secondary research

A

systematic reviews or cricially appraised topics, drawing conclusions on the synthesis of primary research

37
Q

Unfiltered, non- pre-appraised, primary research

A

randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-controlled studies, and expert opinion, limited scope in how well understood the overall trends are

38
Q

Key questions of method

A

Study hypothesis: what is the study question being investigated?
Study population: what population is being investigated and what are the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the subjects of the investigation?
Sample size and statistical power: how many individuals are included in the study and in the control groups? What is the statistical power?

39
Q

Statistical power

A

The likelihood that a study will detect an effect when there is an effect there to be detected, when high decreases likelihood of type II error

40
Q

Type II error

A

A false negative

41
Q

Key issues of assignment

A

What process was used to identify and assign? What confounding variables are there? Is there masking or blinding?

42
Q

Relative risk

A

Ratio of probability of developing outcome if risk factor is present divided by probabiliyt of developing outcome if risk factor is not present

43
Q

Reverse causality

A

Reversal of cause and effect presumption or a causal loop

44
Q

Biological plausibility

A

The establishment of a biological factor and disease cause and effect relationship

45
Q

Dose response relationships

A

effect on an organism produced by a given amount of an agent

46
Q

Numbers needed to treat (NNT)

A

100/(control group rate - treatment group rate)

47
Q

Study of prognosis

A

Analyze factors that impact prognosis over time

48
Q

Studies of differential diagnosis

A

Involve multiple patients exhibiting similar symptoms, diagnostic tests map the patient’s symptoms to known signs associated with specific conditions

49
Q

Phase 1, 2 and 3 drug trials

A

1 - assess the safety on very small select group
2 - assess the efficacy on a small scale
3 - randomized blind testing in hundreds to thousands of patients part of drug approval process

50
Q

Retrospective cohort study

A

Study medical records of a group of similar individuals in order to determine which factors are related to a certain outcome

51
Q

Meta analysis

A

statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies

1st Semester Final (45 decks)

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