Research Exam

Question 1

True positive

Answer 1

Those with the disease who get a positive test result

Question 2

False positive

Answer 2

Those without the disease who get a positive test result

Question 3

True negative

Answer 3

Those without the disease who get a negative result

Question 4

False negative

Answer 4

Those with the disease who get a negative result

Question 5

Sensitivity

Answer 5

Ability of a test to correctly classify a positive result

Question 6

Specificity

Answer 6

Ability of a test to correclty classify a negative result

Question 7

Precision

Answer 7

Measure of ability to get the same value repeatedly, reliablility

Question 8

Accuracy

Answer 8

Measure of ability to get the correct value, validity

Question 9

Rate

Answer 9

Quantity measure over time, time is most often measured in person years

Question 10

Incidence rate

Answer 10

Probability of developing a disease over a period of time

Question 11

Person years

Answer 11

A measure of theoretical person per year, either 1 person per year or 2 people for 6 months each, etc.

Question 12

Prevalence=

Answer 12

Incidence x average duration

Question 13

Incidence

Answer 13

New diagnoses made in a year

Question 14

Prevalence

Answer 14

The number of people who currently have the condition

Question 15

Prevalence and incidence are….

Answer 15

…inversely related

Question 16

Mortality and incidence relationship

Answer 16

Mortality=incidence x fatality rate

Question 17

What are ways we look for reliability of a journal article? Specifically, what things do we look for in the author/journal/references/relevancy

Answer 17

Author - background, employment, history
Journal - well known, who funds and reviews?
References - who are they citing and why, any conflict of interest?
Relevance - must be addressing something related to what you are exploring

Question 18

Abstract

Answer 18

A brief summary of intro, purpsoe, methods, results, and findings - quick place to assess relevancy

Question 19

Critical appraisal of article

Answer 19

specifically looking at the study design and if the conclusions are supported by the results, best done using the FRISBE acronym

Question 20

FRISBE

Answer 20

Follow up - were patients outcomes accounted for at end of study
Randomization - Equal chance being assigned to experimental or control group
Intention to treat analysis - are the results analyzed based on intended original treatment
Similar baseline characteristics - did patients have characteristics that could cause even outocome distribution
Blinding - study blinded
Equal treatment - controlling for any other confounding variables not being tested

Question 21

Case control study characteristics

Answer 21

Analysis of a patient with the disease (case) and without (control) to analyze effect of known risk factors with specific outcome, study rare conditions

Question 22

Cohort study characteristics

Answer 22

Dividing up of patient with one characteristic versus another who all already have a disease to follow them to see differences in outcome to determine cause and effect of characteristic

Question 23

Randomized clinical trial characteristics

Answer 23

Often used to study intervention or cure of disease state, highest level of causality because can be blind

Question 24

Reference test

Answer 24

Also known as gold standard test, the most accurate way of confirming a diagnosis but typically not preferred to use in treatment because it may be very invasive or cause significant problems for the patient in question

Question 25

MAARIE framework acronym

Answer 25

``` Method Assignment Assessment Results Interpretation extrapolation ```

Question 26

Method (maarie framework)

Answer 26

What is the question, who are the subjects/population being studied?

Question 27

Assignment (maarie framework)

Answer 27

What is the method to assign participants to control and study groups, is this a good method or flawed?

Question 28

Assessmnet (maarie framework)

Answer 28

Does the measurement of outcomes address the study's question?

Question 29

Results (maarie framework)

Answer 29

What is the magnitude of strength of relationship, is it statistically significant?

Question 30

Interpretation (maarie framework)

Answer 30

What can we say about those involved in the study

Question 31

Extrapolation (maarie framework)

Answer 31

What can we generalize about others not involved in the study

Question 32

Systematic review

Answer 32

Belongs to synthesis 5S model. Seeks to answer a specific clinical question by analyzing all the findings from an entire body of primary research regarding the topic. Involves several experts collaborrating over a long time

Question 33

A systematic review includes

Answer 33

``` Eligibility criteria Search strategy Assessment of findings Discussion of results Reference list ```

Question 34

Background research

Answer 34

Forms the foundation of the 5S model, includes information in textbooks, databases, encyclopedias, etc often useful for getting a general idea or picture

Question 35

Randomized controlled trial

Answer 35

Highest ranked study type using 5S model, examines outcomes of 2 randomly assigned groups with one group receiving a standard intervention and another receiving a new or different one

Question 36

Filtered, pre-appraised, secondary research

Answer 36

systematic reviews or cricially appraised topics, drawing conclusions on the synthesis of primary research

Question 37

Unfiltered, non- pre-appraised, primary research

Answer 37

randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-controlled studies, and expert opinion, limited scope in how well understood the overall trends are

Question 38

Key questions of method

Answer 38

Study hypothesis: what is the study question being investigated? Study population: what population is being investigated and what are the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the subjects of the investigation? Sample size and statistical power: how many individuals are included in the study and in the control groups? What is the statistical power?

Question 39

Statistical power

Answer 39

The likelihood that a study will detect an effect when there is an effect there to be detected, when high decreases likelihood of type II error

Question 40

Type II error

Answer 40

A false negative

Question 41

Key issues of assignment

Answer 41

What process was used to identify and assign? What confounding variables are there? Is there masking or blinding?

Question 42

Relative risk

Answer 42

Ratio of probability of developing outcome if risk factor is present divided by probabiliyt of developing outcome if risk factor is not present

Question 43

Reverse causality

Answer 43

Reversal of cause and effect presumption or a causal loop

Question 44

Biological plausibility

Answer 44

The establishment of a biological factor and disease cause and effect relationship

Question 45

Dose response relationships

Answer 45

effect on an organism produced by a given amount of an agent

Question 46

Numbers needed to treat (NNT)

Answer 46

100/(control group rate - treatment group rate)

Question 47

Study of prognosis

Answer 47

Analyze factors that impact prognosis over time

Question 48

Studies of differential diagnosis

Answer 48

Involve multiple patients exhibiting similar symptoms, diagnostic tests map the patient's symptoms to known signs associated with specific conditions

Question 49

Phase 1, 2 and 3 drug trials

Answer 49

1 - assess the safety on very small select group 2 - assess the efficacy on a small scale 3 - randomized blind testing in hundreds to thousands of patients part of drug approval process

Question 50

Retrospective cohort study

Answer 50

Study medical records of a group of similar individuals in order to determine which factors are related to a certain outcome

Question 51

Meta analysis

Answer 51

statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies