Medical Nutrition Lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards
5/31/19 and 6/4/19
Nourished
Adequate calories and nutrients
Under nourished
Not enough calories and nutrients
Malnourished
Quality of food is poor regardless of quantity
Overnourished
Consumption of too much food
Essential nutrient and examples
Must be obtained externally because the body cannot produce it, water, carb, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals
Ghrelin
Hormone released by the stomach upon lack of distension to stimulate appetite in the hypothalamus
Leptin
Hormone released by adipose tissues upon filling to decrease appetite in the hypothalamus, increase glucose uptake in muscle, decrease gluconeogenesis by liver
Insulin
Hormone released by pancreas that acts on the hypothalamus
Hormones hypothalamus releases in response to stimulate or supress metabolism at the brainstem
Proopriomelatocortin to MSH (catabolic)
Neuropeptide Y for anabolism
How much water do we need and why?
50% of weight in floz, Universal solvent, transport medium, heat regulation, lubrication
RDA’s
Recommended daily allowance, levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be the general basis to meet the requirements of almost all healthy people
AI
Adequate intake, uh
UL
Upper Level, uh
EAR
Estimated average requirement, uh
1 lb of body weight =
3500 Calories
definition of a calorie
Energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celcius
Breakdown of calories daily
50% carbs
30% fats
20% protein
All carbohydrates break down into…
…Glucose (except cellulose/fibers that cannot be digested)
Many excess carbohydrates are stored as…
…triglycerides
Vegetables tend to lack…
…complete protein
Products of fat
Prostoglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes
Fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
Water soluble vitamins
Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, cobalamine, ascorbic acids
Trace minerals
Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Flouride & Boron
BMI
Weight in kg/height in m^2
Overweight BMI
25-30
Obesity BMI
> 30
Adipose tissue as an organ releases what hormones?
-TNF-a, leptin, adiponectin
Adiponectin function
Acts on the muscle to encourage glucose uptake, acts on liver to decrease gluconeogenesis
Parts of the small intestine absorption
Duodenum - iron, ca2+, magnesium
Jejeunum - simple sugars and water soluble vitamins
Ileum - amino acids, fatty acids, B12, sodium, cholesterol, alcohol ***most important, if removed will need supplemental nutrition for life
Catabolic pathways in the body
- Glycolysis
- TCA
- oxphos
- B oxidation
Anabolic pathways in the body
- gluconeogenesis
- fatty acid synthesis
Ox phos ATP yield
32, + 4 from glycolysis and TCA gives 36-40
Starvation application
RBC’s lack mitochondria and therefore…
…cannot create ATP, must get it from the blood stream
Hormones that increase blood sugar
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- growth hormone
Hormones that increase blood sugar
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- growth hormone
Cori cycle/lactic acid cycle
Liver uses lactate from muscle to make glucose, takes 3 times the energy to perform than energy that is produced
Primary malnutrition
Altered or limited intake of nutrients and not associated with other disease states
Secondary malnutrition
Altered nutritional status as a result of an underlying disease
B1
Thiamine, deficiency causes eye paralysis, congestive heart failure, hyporeflexia
B6
Pyroxidine, peripheral neuropathy
B12
Cyanocobolamine, optic neuritis and loss of proprioception and vibration sensitivity, anemia
B2
Riboflavin, angular stomatitis cheilosis
Vitamin A
Dry conjunctiva, corneal uceration, dry skin
Vitamin C
Gingivial hypertrophy and bleeding
Vitamin D
Osteomalacia, musclular hypotonia
Vitamin K
Hemorrhages
Iodin
Goiter
Niacin
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Zinc
Disgeusia (altered taste)
cachexia
Weakness and wasting of body due to severe chronic illness (AIDS, cancer, starvation)
B5
Panthoenic acid
B7B
Biotin
B9
Folates