Medical Nutrition Lecture 1 and 2

Question 1

Nourished

Answer 1

Adequate calories and nutrients

Question 2

Under nourished

Answer 2

Not enough calories and nutrients

Question 3

Malnourished

Answer 3

Quality of food is poor regardless of quantity

Question 4

Overnourished

Answer 4

Consumption of too much food

Question 5

Essential nutrient and examples

Answer 5

Must be obtained externally because the body cannot produce it, water, carb, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals

Question 6

Ghrelin

Answer 6

Hormone released by the stomach upon lack of distension to stimulate appetite in the hypothalamus

Question 7

Leptin

Answer 7

Hormone released by adipose tissues upon filling to decrease appetite in the hypothalamus, increase glucose uptake in muscle, decrease gluconeogenesis by liver

Question 8

Insulin

Answer 8

Hormone released by pancreas that acts on the hypothalamus

Question 9

Hormones hypothalamus releases in response to stimulate or supress metabolism at the brainstem

Answer 9

Proopriomelatocortin to MSH (catabolic)

Neuropeptide Y for anabolism

Question 10

How much water do we need and why?

Answer 10

50% of weight in floz, Universal solvent, transport medium, heat regulation, lubrication

Question 11

RDA’s

Answer 11

Recommended daily allowance, levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be the general basis to meet the requirements of almost all healthy people

Question 12

AI

Answer 12

Adequate intake, uh

Question 13

UL

Answer 13

Upper Level, uh

Question 14

EAR

Answer 14

Estimated average requirement, uh

Question 15

1 lb of body weight =

Answer 15

3500 Calories

Question 16

definition of a calorie

Answer 16

Energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celcius

Question 17

Breakdown of calories daily

Answer 17

50% carbs
30% fats
20% protein

Question 18

All carbohydrates break down into…

Answer 18

…Glucose (except cellulose/fibers that cannot be digested)

Question 19

Many excess carbohydrates are stored as…

Answer 19

…triglycerides

Question 20

Vegetables tend to lack…

Answer 20

…complete protein

Question 21

Products of fat

Answer 21

Prostoglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes

Question 22

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 22

A,D,E,K

Question 23

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 23

Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, cobalamine, ascorbic acids

Question 24

Trace minerals

Answer 24

Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Flouride & Boron

Question 25

BMI

Answer 25

Weight in kg/height in m^2

Question 26

Overweight BMI

Answer 26

25-30

Question 27

Obesity BMI

Answer 27

>30

Question 28

Adipose tissue as an organ releases what hormones?

Answer 28

-TNF-a, leptin, adiponectin

Question 29

Adiponectin function

Answer 29

Acts on the muscle to encourage glucose uptake, acts on liver to decrease gluconeogenesis

Question 30

Parts of the small intestine absorption

Answer 30

Duodenum - iron, ca2+, magnesium Jejeunum - simple sugars and water soluble vitamins Ileum - amino acids, fatty acids, B12, sodium, cholesterol, alcohol ***most important, if removed will need supplemental nutrition for life

Question 31

Catabolic pathways in the body

Answer 31

- Glycolysis - TCA - oxphos - B oxidation

Question 32

Anabolic pathways in the body

Answer 32

- gluconeogenesis | - fatty acid synthesis

Question 33

Ox phos ATP yield

Answer 33

32, + 4 from glycolysis and TCA gives 36-40

Question 34

Starvation application

Answer 34

---

Question 35

RBC's lack mitochondria and therefore...

Answer 35

...cannot create ATP, must get it from the blood stream

Question 36

Hormones that increase blood sugar

Answer 36

- glucagon - epinephrine - growth hormone

Question 37

Hormones that increase blood sugar

Answer 37

- glucagon - epinephrine - growth hormone

Question 38

Cori cycle/lactic acid cycle

Answer 38

Liver uses lactate from muscle to make glucose, takes 3 times the energy to perform than energy that is produced

Question 39

Primary malnutrition

Answer 39

Altered or limited intake of nutrients and not associated with other disease states

Question 40

Secondary malnutrition

Answer 40

Altered nutritional status as a result of an underlying disease

Question 41

B1

Answer 41

Thiamine, deficiency causes eye paralysis, congestive heart failure, hyporeflexia

Question 42

B6

Answer 42

Pyroxidine, peripheral neuropathy

Question 43

B12

Answer 43

Cyanocobolamine, optic neuritis and loss of proprioception and vibration sensitivity, anemia

Question 44

B2

Answer 44

Riboflavin, angular stomatitis cheilosis

Question 45

Vitamin A

Answer 45

Dry conjunctiva, corneal uceration, dry skin

Question 46

Vitamin C

Answer 46

Gingivial hypertrophy and bleeding

Question 47

Vitamin D

Answer 47

Osteomalacia, musclular hypotonia

Question 48

Vitamin K

Answer 48

Hemorrhages

Question 49

Iodin

Answer 49

Goiter

Question 50

Niacin

Answer 50

Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

Question 51

Zinc

Answer 51

Disgeusia (altered taste)

Question 52

cachexia

Answer 52

Weakness and wasting of body due to severe chronic illness (AIDS, cancer, starvation)

Question 53

B5

Answer 53

Panthoenic acid

Question 54

B7B

Answer 54

Biotin

Question 55

B9

Answer 55

Folates