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Research Enterprise in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

Personal accounts of specific events. Normally taken with a grain of salt as it can be biased most of the time.

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2
Q

Case Study

A

In depth research of a subject. This uses a variety of data collection techniques.
They are prone to experimenter bias

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3
Q

Confounding of Variables

A

Two variables that are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish between each of their effects

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4
Q

Control Group

A

A group of participants who receive no special treatment in a study.

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5
Q

Correlation

A

Two variables which are related to each other

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6
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Indicates the direction of the relationship (positive or negative) and how strongly the two are related

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7
Q

Data Collection Techniques

A

Techniques for making observations

Eg// questionnaire, interview, direct observation etc.

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8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is influenced by the independent variable.

Eg// Peoples reactions to different dosages of medication

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9
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Used to organize and summarize data

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10
Q

Double blind Procedure

A

A research technique where in an experiment, neither the subjects nor the experimenter know who is in the control or experimental group. This reduces experimenter bias.

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11
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

People involved in experiments must be protected in some ways. These guidelines protect participants dignity, privacy, and human rights. This also ensures that there is no gender, racial or cultural bias.

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12
Q

Experiment

A

Research method where researcher manipulates a variable under controlled conditions and observes changes made by other variables.

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13
Q

Experimental Group

A

A group of subjects who are being exposed to special treatment.

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14
Q

Experimental Research

A

Produces conclusions based on precise research that is able to eliminate or diminish the influence of extraneous variables.

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15
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

An experimenter intentionally or intentionally influencing the results of the study based on interactions with participants.

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16
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Variable other than the independent and dependent variable that influence a study.
eg// personal strengths/weaknesses.

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17
Q

Fear and Sexual Attraction

A

Fear can be relabeled as sexual attraction.

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18
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

An arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores.

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19
Q

Frequency Polygon

A

Line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution.

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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21
Q

Independent Variable

A

A variable that influences the dependent variable. Nothing influences this variable.

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22
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions

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23
Q

Internet-mediated Research

A

Studies where data is collected through online research such as questionnaires and surveys.

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24
Q

Journal

A

Published scientific material that is specific to a defined topic.

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25
Mean
Average
26
Median
Exactly the middle
27
Mode
Most common
28
Meta-Analysis
Takes results from different studies that have all asked the same question to get an estimate of the size and consistency of the effect the variables have.
29
Naturalistic Observation
Researcher observes changes in behaviour without interfering with the subject.
30
Negatively Skewed Observation
In which the data is skewed toward the high end of the scale
31
Positively Skewed Observation
In which the data is skewed toward the low end of the scale.
32
Normal Distribution
Symmetrical bell curve that shows patterns in human characteristics and how they are dispersed throughout the human population.
33
Operational Definition
Actions or measures that will be taken in order to control variables in experiments
34
Participants/Subjects
A group or people or a single person participating in a study
35
Percentile Score
The percentage of people who score below or at a specific score.
36
Placebo Effects
Participants experience a change even though they've been given fake or faulty treatment
37
Random Assignment
Participants are sorted into control and experimental groups randomly
38
Reactivity
Participants behaviour is influenced by the experimenter
39
Replication
Rerun of an experiment to limit the amount of errors and confirm facts
40
Research Methods
Different ways to collect, store and analyze data in experimental research.
41
Response Set
Tendency to respond to questions in a similar way even though they are unrelated
42
Sample
A small portion of the population taken for testing
43
Population
Large amount of people or animals from which the sample is taken
44
Sampling Bias
A sample does not correctly represent the population
45
Social Desirability Bias
The tendency to answer questions in ways that make one appear more socially desirable
46
Statistical Significance
When the probability of the observations simply being a chance happening is very low.
47
Statistics
Organizing numerical data
48
Survey
Questionnaire about a participants behvaiour
49
Standard Deviation
A range that is set around the mean value.
50
Variablility
Highlights how the scores in a data set vary from each other and the mean
51
Theory
Set of ideas used to explain an observation
52
Variables
Observable behaviours, conditions, events or characteristics that are controlled in a study
53
Arthur Aron
Conducted the experiment about fear and sexual desire. | Brought upon the belief that certain emotions can be relabeled as others
54
Donald Dutton
Worked with Arthur Aron on the study relating fear to sexual attraction.
55
David Wolfe
Studies teens at risk for relationship abuse. | Found links between abusive relationships and history of maltreatment
56
Robert Rosenthal
Researched about experimenter bias and discovered that through subtle nonverbal communication, experimenters were able to influence the participants behaviour.
57
Neal Miller
Advocate for animal research in an ethical way
58
Stanley Schatcher
Theorized that environmental cues can disguise physical arousal as other emotions eg// fear or sexual arousal?
59
3 Goals of the Scientific Enterprise
1. Measurement + Description - develop techniques that make it possible to describe behaviour 2. Understanding + Prediction - understand events once reasoning is explained 3. Application + Control - applies research to practical problems in school,s businesses and hospitals
60
5 Steps to Scientific Investigation
1. Formulate testable hypothesis 2. Select research method and design study 3. Collect data 4. Analyze data and draw conclusions 5. Report findings
61
What are 2 advantages to the scientific approach?
1. precision + clarity | 2. relative intolerance of error
62
Why is it sometimes advantageous to study an experimental group that also works as their own control?
It eliminates extraneous variables such as personal ability and weaknesses.
63
Positive Correlation
2 variables that relate to each other in the same direction
64
Negative Correlation
2 variables that relate to each other in different directions

Psychology 290 (10 decks)

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