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Psychology 290 > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Agoraphobia

A
  • Intense fear of public spaces or going outside

- Commonly seen in patients who also have panic disorders

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2
Q

Anhedonia

A
  • Reduced ability to experience pleasure

- Generally seen in patients with Major Depressive Disorder

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3
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image and unhealthy attempts to lose weight
  • Restrictive Type: major decrease in food consumption, sometimes to the point of starving
  • Binge-Purging Type: attempts to lose weight by self-induced vomiting, laxatives or excessive exercise
  • Causes gastrointestinal problems, metabolic issues, dental issues etc.
  • Most anorexics are 25-30% lower than their healthy body weight
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4
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • Personality disorder characterized by impulsive, aggressive, manipulative and irresponsible behaviour that reflects the rejection or inability to follow and abide by societal norms
  • Lack guilt, empathy and affection
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5
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Class of disorders characterized by excess feelings of anxiety and apprehension
  • Generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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6
Q

Autism (Autistic Disorder)

A
  • Developmental disorder which involves social and emotional deficits as well as repetitive behaviours and obsessive interests
  • Autistic Aloneness: lack of social interaction and inability to form meaningful relationships with peers
  • Autism is a spectrum with three subtypes
  • Asperger’s disorder, autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)
  • Echolia: repeating sentences exactly as they had just been told
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7
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimated probability is influenced by how easily examples of the event are retrieved

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8
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder

A
  • Eating disorder classified by a massive overconsumption of food in one given time (binge)
  • No attempt to purge the binge is seen here
  • Sufferers tend to be overweight and are disgusted with their body and struggle with self-esteem
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9
Q

Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive Disorder)

A
  • Mood disorder characterized by intense swings between mania and depression
  • Manic and depressive episodes may last a couple months, although most patients report longer depressive episodes than manic ones
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10
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • Eating disorder characterized by a cycle of binge-eating and purging
  • Bulimics typically keep a relatively normal body weight and are more likely to view their behaviour as unhealthy
  • Causes metabolic problems, gastrointestinal problems and dental issues
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11
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A
  • Type of schizophrenia characterized by major motor disturbance
  • Muscle rigidity or bizarre motor activity
  • Catatonic Stupor: patient remains virtually motionless and unaware of the world around them
  • Catatonic Excitement: patient becomes hyperactive and incoherent
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12
Q

Comorbidity

A

Existence of two or more disorders

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13
Q

Concordance Rate

A

Percentage of relatives who share the same disorder

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14
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Estimates of probability of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the probability of the events happening alone

ie. What is the percentage of adult men in our study having heart attacks? Men over 55?
People may estimate men over 55 would have a higher rate, but realistically, men over 55 is a subset of adult men, the percentage would have to be lower.

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15
Q

Cumulative Probability

A

“Or” situations

ie. What is the probability of pulling out a red sock or a blue sock or a white sock etc.

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16
Q

Conjunctive Probability

A

“And” situations

ie. What is the probability of pulling out a red sock and a blue sock and a white sock etc.

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17
Q

Culture-Bound Disorders

A

Disorders found in a small number of cultural groups

ie. Koro, Windigo and anorexia nervosa

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18
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A
  • Type of bipolar disorder

- Symptoms are chronic but cause only mild disturbances

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19
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A
  • Five axis type of classification for disorders
  • Axis I: Mood, anxiety, substance use, dissociative, eating, gender disorders etc.
  • Axis II: Personality disorders and intellectual disability
  • Axis III: Medical conditions
  • Axis IV: Psychosocial / environmental stressors
  • Axis V: Global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale
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20
Q

Delusions

A
  • Symptom associated with schizophrenia
  • May consist of delusions of grandeur, where one believes themselves to be someone of great importance, like the prime minister or a celebrity
  • Belief of irrational things such as short people are all conspiring against you or giraffes are attempting to kidnap your siblings
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21
Q

Diagnosis

A

Deciding what illness or disorder one has

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22
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A
  • Type of schizophrenia characterized by a severe deterioration of behaviour
  • Lack of emotion, incoherence, social withdrawal
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23
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A
  • Loss of memory that is too extensive to be attributed to normal forgetting
  • May occur around a single traumatic event or time surrounding the event
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24
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A
  • Class of disorders characterized by the patient losing contact with their memory or conscious which influences their sense of identity
  • Dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue and dissociative identity disorder (DID)
25
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A
  • Complete memory loss regarding ones life and personal identity
  • Can still remember things unrelated to identity such as how to skate or do maths
26
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A
  • Previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder
  • Patient may have two or more personalities with very different identities
  • Events that happen to one personality can only be retrieved by that personality
27
Q

Dysthymic Disorder

A
  • Type of mood disorder

- Chronic depressive episodes that are not severe enough to be classified as major depressive disorder

28
Q

Eating Disorders

A
  • Major disturbances in eating patterns
  • Mostly seen in Western cultures
  • Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder
29
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population

30
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of illnesses or disorders

31
Q

Expressed Emotion (EE)

A
  • Emotional response from a relative of a schizophrenic patient
  • Critical or overinvolved attitudes lead to a relapse rate three times higher than families low in expressed emotion
32
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • Chronic, constant states of anxiety not tied to specific events or objects
  • Physical symptoms like trembling, muscle tension, diarrhea, dizziness, faintness, sweating and heart palpitations
33
Q

Hallucinations

A
  • Symptom of schizophrenia
  • Perceiving stimulus without any actual sensory stimuli
  • Most common is hearing voices
34
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A
  • Mood disorder characterized by an episode of persistent sadness followed by a reduced interest in hobbies and anhedonia
  • Symptoms include anxiety, changes in sleep or eating patterns, irritability, decreased self-esteem
  • Average number of depressive episodes is 5-6
35
Q

Medical Model

A
  • States that abnormal behaviour should be classified as a disease
  • Helped stop the belief that mental illness was caused by possession or was divine punishment
  • Improved treatment for those struggling with mental illness
36
Q

Mood Disorders

A
  • Class of disorders characterized by severe emotional changes that may affect physical, social, perceptual and thought processes
  • Major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
37
Q

Negative Symptoms (of Schizophrenia)

A
  • Part of a schizophrenia classification system started by Nancy Andreasen
  • Behaviour changes such as dulled emotions, social withdrawal, lack of attention etc.
  • Negative = removal of emotions, attention and withdrawal from social circle
38
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A
  • Type of anxiety disorder classified by obsessive behaviour

- Patient may be consistently checking clocks, washing their hands, cleaning and recleaning their house etc.

39
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • Type of anxiety disorders classified by overwhelming feelings of anxiety that come on suddenly and don’t last long
  • Attacks can come at any time
  • Often seen with agoraphobia as people become afraid of having an attack in public
40
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A
  • Type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions and hallucinations
  • Most often delusions of grandeur, which lead to the patient believing people are trying to assassinate them or that they have many enemies because they are extremely important
41
Q

Personality Disorders

A
  • Class of disorders characterized by extreme personality traits that can cause deficits in social interactions, occupation and distress
  • Three clusters, ten personality disorders
  • Anxious/Fearful: Avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
  • Odd/Eccentric: Schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder
  • Dramatic/Impulsive: Histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder
42
Q

Phobic Disorder

A
  • Type of anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of a specific event or object
  • May be gained through observational learning or classical and operant conditioning
    ie. Child sees fathers overwhelming fear of dogs, child gains a dog phobia = observational learning

John becomes scared of snow after getting trapped under snow in an avalanche. He now avoids snow, a behaviour that is negatively reinforced by the removal of anxiety = classical and operant conditioning

43
Q

Positive Symptoms (of Schizophrenia)

A
  • Part of a schizophrenia classification system created by Nancy Andreasen
  • Symptoms including delusions and hallucinations
  • Positive = added perceived stimulus or thoughts
  • Patients showing a higher number of positive symptoms tend to respond better to treatment
44
Q

Postpartum Depression

A
  • Type of depression that occurs after childbirth

- Can contain both manic and depressive episodes

45
Q

Prevalence

A

Percentage of a population that has a disorder during any specific time period

46
Q

Prognosis

A

Prediction regarding the future course an illness or disorder will take

47
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Estimated probability of an event is influenced by how similar the event is to the typical prototype

48
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

Type of depression that comes with seasonal changes

49
Q

Schizophrenic Disorders

A
  • Class of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, incoherence and deterioration of behaviour
  • Paranoid, catatonic, disorganized and undifferentiated
50
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

Mixture of all symptoms from the paranoid, catatonic and disorganized types of schizophrenia

51
Q

Nancy Andreasen

A
  • Created a new classification of schizophrenia based on positive and negative symptoms
  • Most people have both symptoms but vary in the degree to which they express them
52
Q

Martin Antony and Karen Rowa

A
  • Experts on anxiety disorders, specifically panic disorders and phobias
  • Estimates 1-5% of Canadians suffer from extreme anxiety regarding driving
  • Most of these people are good drivers
53
Q

Aaron Beck

A
  • Two personality styles that create vulnerability to depression
  • Sociotropy: overconcerned with pleasing people and avoiding interpersonal problems
  • Autonomy: too focused on one’s own achievement and independence
  • Depressed people have a negative cognitive triad
  • Negative views of themselves, their future and their world
54
Q

Martin Seligman

A
  • Learned helplessness model and hopelessness theory
  • Learned helplessness model: depression is caused by “giving up” and letting negative events take over
  • People with pessimistic explanatory styles are more vulnerable to depression
  • Hopelessness theory: pessimistic explanatory styles along with stress, low self-esteem etc contribute to a feeling of hopelessness which leads to depression
55
Q

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema

A
  • Depressed people ruminate about their depression which leads them to experience depressive episodes for longer periods of time
  • Rumination is associated with binge eating, anxiety, and binge drinking
  • Women are more likely than men to ruminate, which is the cause of women experiencing more severe depressive episodes
56
Q

Robert Hare

A
  • Believes people with antisocial personality disorder begin a life of crime at an early age
  • Expert on antisocial personality disorder, or psychopathy
  • Created Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
57
Q

Regina Schuller

A
  • Expert in Canadian law and interface of psychology

- Researches cases involving violence against women

58
Q

Thomas Szasz

A
  • Critic of the medical model

- Believes the mind cannot be sick, and abnormal behaviour is simply deviation from societal norms

59
Q

David Rosenhan

A
  • Did a study showing how mental health professionals struggle to identify normal and abnormal behaviour
  • Sent mentally stable people to the doctor to report hearing voices as their only symptom
  • These people were hospitalized, proving that the line between abnormal and normal is unclear

Psychology 290 (10 decks)

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