Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 290 > Human Development Across the Life Span > Flashcards

Human Development Across the Life Span Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing ideas to account for new experiences
ie. A child thinks 4 legged pets are puppies, they encounter a cat and realize that there are multiple different 4 legged pets and a puppy is not a cat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Age of Viability

A
  • The age a fetus can survive being born

- Normally between 22 - 26 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Animism

A
  • The belief all things are living

- Feature of egocentrism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new experiences in relation to existing ideas

ie. A child encountering a cat with the belief that all 4 legged pets are puppies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Attachment

A
  • The bond between an infant and caregiver

- 3 types of attachment: secure, anxious-ambivalent and avoidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Infant is comfortable and confident when the parent is around, distressed when they leave and easily comforted by their return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

A

Infant is anxious when the parent is near, especially upset when they leave and inconsolable even when they return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Infant doesn’t pay much mind to the parent and does not seem to care when they leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Centration

A
  • The tendency to view only one variable in an event and ignore everything else
  • Seen in preoperational children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cephalocaudal Trend

A
  • Head-to-foot direction of motor development

- Children tend to gain control of their upper half before their lower half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Changes to children’s thinking patterns, including reasoning, memory and problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Differences in generational mindset due to the time period in which one was born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conservation

A
  • Knowledge that quantity stays the same when a physical object changes shape or appearance
    ie. clay ball to clay snake
  • Seen in concrete operational children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

A research method that involves studying multiple groups of people at once
ie. a group of 8 year olds, 10 year olds and 12 year olds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A
  • Intelligence used in problem solving using previously gained knowledge and experience
  • Tends to stay stable with age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dementia

A

Condition classified by multiple cognitive deficits including memory loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Development

A

Age-related changes that occur beginning at conception and ending in death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Developmental Norms

A

The average age where people reach developmental stages

ie. average walking age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dishabituation

A

A new experience increases the strength of a habituated response
ie. If you are currently not afraid of pennies but a penny-wielding clown out for blood comes after you, you may become scared and have a new opinion on pennies, even though you thought they were fine before.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Egocentrism

A
  • Limited ability to see things from another persons viewpoint
  • Seen in preoperational children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Embryonic Stage

A
  • Second stage of prenatal development
  • 2 weeks to end of second month
  • Most major birth defects are due to damage to the embryo in this stage
  • Most common stage for miscarriages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Family Life Cycle

A

-Stages that families tend to progress through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A
  • Collection of problems associated with a mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
  • Microcephaly, heart defects, irritability, delayed mental and motor development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fetal Stage

A
  • Third stage of prenatal development
  • Third month to birth
  • Bones and muscles begin to form
  • Fetus becomes capable of physical movements
  • Sex organs develop and brain cells multiple
  • Respiratory and digestive systems mature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A
  • Basic information processing skills

- Tends to deteriorate with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gender

A

Socially constructed differences between femininity and masculinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gender Differences

A

Differences between sexes in average ability or behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Gender Roles

A

Expectations on appropriate behaviour for each sex

29
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Commonly held beliefs about males’ and females’ personalities, traits or abilities.

30
Q

Germinal Stage

A
  • First stage of prenatal development
  • Conception - 2 weeks
  • Zygote is created and begins cell multiplication
  • Cell mass travels along the fallopian tubes to the uterus and implants itself in the uterine wall
  • Placenta is formed
31
Q

Habituation

A

The gradual desensitization to certain experiences due to an overexposure to it
ie. overcoming a fear of pennies because you have been exposed to pennies enough to know they are generally harmless unless they are being used as weapons by someone evil

32
Q

Irreversibility

A
  • The inability to reverse actions in ones mind

- Seen in preoperational children

33
Q

Longitudinal Design

A
  • Research method where the same subjects are studied over the course of years
  • More expensive and harder to administer as some subjects move away or drop out due to loss of interest
34
Q

Maturation

A

Physical changes that occur as one ages, determined mainly by genetics

35
Q

Menarche

A

The first occurrence of menstration

36
Q

Motor Development

A

Development of muscular coordination needed for movement

37
Q

Object Permanence

A

The ability to realize that objects exist when they are out of sight

38
Q

Placenta

A
  • Provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus from the mothers bloodstream
  • Gets rid of the fetus’ waste
39
Q

Prenatal Period

A
  • Conception to birth

- Usually 9 months

40
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A
  • Traits necessary in reproduction
  • Penis, testes and other internal structures in males
  • Uterus, vagina, ovaries and other internal structures in females
41
Q

Proximodistal Trend

A

The tendency to gain control over ones body from the inside out
ie. Gaining control of your torso before your arms

42
Q

Puberty

A
  • Stage where sexual functions reach maturity

- Marks beginning of adolescence

43
Q

Pubescence

A
  • Two year span that occurs before puberty

- Secondary sex characteristics develop

44
Q

Scaffolding

A

Occurs when help given to a child is adjusted according to the ability level of the child

45
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A
  • Sex dependent changes that occur before puberty
  • Changes that don’t affect reproduction
  • Breast growth and widening of hips in females
  • Muscle growth and voice changes in males
46
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

Distress shown by an infant when separated from people they’ve formed attachments with

47
Q

Sex

A

Biological categories of male and female

48
Q

Socialization

A

Being taught and encouraged to follow the behavioural norms expected by society

49
Q

Stage

A

Developmental period where certain characteristics emerge and certain skills are gained

50
Q

Stage Theory

A
  • Theories based on stages
  • Assumes that:
  • People must progress through stages as each stage is built on the previous
  • Progress through stages is related to age
  • Development is marked by vast behavioural changes
51
Q

Strange Situation Procedure

A
  • Created by Mary Ainsworth

- Infants are exposed to eight separation and reunion events to measure attachment

52
Q

Temperament

A
  • General mood and attitude
  • Influenced by genetics
  • Easy, slow-to-warm-up and difficult
53
Q

Teratogens

A

External influences that can damage a fetus

ie. drugs or diseases

54
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Gap between what someone can learn alone and what they can learn with assistance

55
Q

Zygote

A
  • Single celled organism that forms when an egg is fertilized
  • Becomes a BABY
56
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A
  • Created the Strange Situation Procedure
  • One of the main women pioneers of psychology
  • Made a lot of discoveries about attachment
57
Q

John Bowlby

A
  • Influenced by Harry Harlow
  • Believed there was a biological basis for attachment
  • Measured attachment in terms of adaptive value
  • Believed infants were wired to act in ways that triggered affectionate and protective behaviours in adults
58
Q

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess

A
  • Longitudinal study on temperament

- Found that temperament was generally stable throughout ones life

59
Q

Jerome Kagan

A
  • Found that infants have either an inhibited or uninhibited temperament
  • These are culturally dependent
60
Q

Harry Harlow

A
  • Harlow’s Rhesus Monkeys
  • Fed with either a cloth mother or a wire mother
  • When the monkeys were shown a scary toy, they would run to the cloth mother for comfort, even if they were fed with a wire mother
61
Q

Jay Belsky

A

Did research into the effects of childcare

62
Q

Robbie Case

A
  • Developed staircase model of development
  • Four major stages of cognitive development
  • Noted that stages may be mixed and that culture may play a role in how one develops
63
Q

Juan Pascual-Leone

A
  • Developed M-Capacity
  • Increase in ability to process information is the basis for cognitive ability
  • M-Capacity is the max number of mental concepts one can keep in mind at one time
64
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A
  • Developed sociocultural theory
  • Cognitive development is fueled by social interaction
  • Culture influences cognitive growth
  • Language acquisition plays a key role
65
Q

Erik Erikson

A
  • Created Eriksons Stage Theory
  • Eight stages
  • First year: Trust vs Mistrust
  • Second / third year: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
  • Fourth / sixth year: Initiative vs Guilt
  • Six / puberty: Industry vs Inferiority
  • Adolescence: Identity vs Confusion
  • Early adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation
  • Middle adulthood: Generativity vs Self-Absorption
  • Late adulthood: Integrity vs Despair
66
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A
  • Stage Theory of Moral Development
  • Preconventional Level: acts are wrong because they are punished or right because they are rewarded
  • Conventional Level: rules are necessary for maintaining order and are to be followed
  • Postconventional Level: development of personal code of ethics effects how one views rules and influences how much one follows them
67
Q

James Marcia

A
  • Developed four identity statuses
  • Identity Diffusion: no commitment, apathy
  • Identity Foreclosure: premature commitment
  • Identity Moratorium: delaying commitment
  • Identity Achievement: sense of self
68
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  • Stage theory of cognitive development
  • 4 major stages
  • Sensorimotor Period: birth - 2, developing ability to coordinate movement with sensory input
  • Preoperational Period: 2 - 7, children think in terms of centration, irreversibility, egocentrism and animism and they lack conservation
  • Concrete Operational Period: 7 - 11, can do mental work with physical objects and work with classification of items

Psychology 290 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions