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Psychology 290 > Human Development Across the Life Span > Flashcards

Human Development Across the Life Span Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing ideas to account for new experiences
ie. A child thinks 4 legged pets are puppies, they encounter a cat and realize that there are multiple different 4 legged pets and a puppy is not a cat.

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2
Q

Age of Viability

A
  • The age a fetus can survive being born

- Normally between 22 - 26 weeks

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3
Q

Animism

A
  • The belief all things are living

- Feature of egocentrism

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4
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new experiences in relation to existing ideas

ie. A child encountering a cat with the belief that all 4 legged pets are puppies

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5
Q

Attachment

A
  • The bond between an infant and caregiver

- 3 types of attachment: secure, anxious-ambivalent and avoidant

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6
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Infant is comfortable and confident when the parent is around, distressed when they leave and easily comforted by their return

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7
Q

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

A

Infant is anxious when the parent is near, especially upset when they leave and inconsolable even when they return

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8
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Infant doesn’t pay much mind to the parent and does not seem to care when they leave

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9
Q

Centration

A
  • The tendency to view only one variable in an event and ignore everything else
  • Seen in preoperational children
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10
Q

Cephalocaudal Trend

A
  • Head-to-foot direction of motor development

- Children tend to gain control of their upper half before their lower half

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11
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Changes to children’s thinking patterns, including reasoning, memory and problem solving

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12
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Differences in generational mindset due to the time period in which one was born

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13
Q

Conservation

A
  • Knowledge that quantity stays the same when a physical object changes shape or appearance
    ie. clay ball to clay snake
  • Seen in concrete operational children
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14
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

A research method that involves studying multiple groups of people at once
ie. a group of 8 year olds, 10 year olds and 12 year olds

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15
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A
  • Intelligence used in problem solving using previously gained knowledge and experience
  • Tends to stay stable with age
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16
Q

Dementia

A

Condition classified by multiple cognitive deficits including memory loss

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17
Q

Development

A

Age-related changes that occur beginning at conception and ending in death

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18
Q

Developmental Norms

A

The average age where people reach developmental stages

ie. average walking age

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19
Q

Dishabituation

A

A new experience increases the strength of a habituated response
ie. If you are currently not afraid of pennies but a penny-wielding clown out for blood comes after you, you may become scared and have a new opinion on pennies, even though you thought they were fine before.

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20
Q

Egocentrism

A
  • Limited ability to see things from another persons viewpoint
  • Seen in preoperational children
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21
Q

Embryonic Stage

A
  • Second stage of prenatal development
  • 2 weeks to end of second month
  • Most major birth defects are due to damage to the embryo in this stage
  • Most common stage for miscarriages
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22
Q

Family Life Cycle

A

-Stages that families tend to progress through

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23
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A
  • Collection of problems associated with a mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
  • Microcephaly, heart defects, irritability, delayed mental and motor development
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24
Q

Fetal Stage

A
  • Third stage of prenatal development
  • Third month to birth
  • Bones and muscles begin to form
  • Fetus becomes capable of physical movements
  • Sex organs develop and brain cells multiple
  • Respiratory and digestive systems mature
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25
Fluid Intelligence
- Basic information processing skills | - Tends to deteriorate with age
26
Gender
Socially constructed differences between femininity and masculinity
27
Gender Differences
Differences between sexes in average ability or behaviour
28
Gender Roles
Expectations on appropriate behaviour for each sex
29
Gender Stereotypes
Commonly held beliefs about males' and females' personalities, traits or abilities.
30
Germinal Stage
- First stage of prenatal development - Conception - 2 weeks - Zygote is created and begins cell multiplication - Cell mass travels along the fallopian tubes to the uterus and implants itself in the uterine wall - Placenta is formed
31
Habituation
The gradual desensitization to certain experiences due to an overexposure to it ie. overcoming a fear of pennies because you have been exposed to pennies enough to know they are generally harmless unless they are being used as weapons by someone evil
32
Irreversibility
- The inability to reverse actions in ones mind | - Seen in preoperational children
33
Longitudinal Design
- Research method where the same subjects are studied over the course of years - More expensive and harder to administer as some subjects move away or drop out due to loss of interest
34
Maturation
Physical changes that occur as one ages, determined mainly by genetics
35
Menarche
The first occurrence of menstration
36
Motor Development
Development of muscular coordination needed for movement
37
Object Permanence
The ability to realize that objects exist when they are out of sight
38
Placenta
- Provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus from the mothers bloodstream - Gets rid of the fetus' waste
39
Prenatal Period
- Conception to birth | - Usually 9 months
40
Primary Sex Characteristics
- Traits necessary in reproduction - Penis, testes and other internal structures in males - Uterus, vagina, ovaries and other internal structures in females
41
Proximodistal Trend
The tendency to gain control over ones body from the inside out ie. Gaining control of your torso before your arms
42
Puberty
- Stage where sexual functions reach maturity | - Marks beginning of adolescence
43
Pubescence
- Two year span that occurs before puberty | - Secondary sex characteristics develop
44
Scaffolding
Occurs when help given to a child is adjusted according to the ability level of the child
45
Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Sex dependent changes that occur before puberty - Changes that don't affect reproduction - Breast growth and widening of hips in females - Muscle growth and voice changes in males
46
Separation Anxiety
Distress shown by an infant when separated from people they've formed attachments with
47
Sex
Biological categories of male and female
48
Socialization
Being taught and encouraged to follow the behavioural norms expected by society
49
Stage
Developmental period where certain characteristics emerge and certain skills are gained
50
Stage Theory
- Theories based on stages - Assumes that: - People must progress through stages as each stage is built on the previous - Progress through stages is related to age - Development is marked by vast behavioural changes
51
Strange Situation Procedure
- Created by Mary Ainsworth | - Infants are exposed to eight separation and reunion events to measure attachment
52
Temperament
- General mood and attitude - Influenced by genetics - Easy, slow-to-warm-up and difficult
53
Teratogens
External influences that can damage a fetus | ie. drugs or diseases
54
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Gap between what someone can learn alone and what they can learn with assistance
55
Zygote
- Single celled organism that forms when an egg is fertilized - Becomes a BABY
56
Mary Ainsworth
- Created the Strange Situation Procedure - One of the main women pioneers of psychology - Made a lot of discoveries about attachment
57
John Bowlby
- Influenced by Harry Harlow - Believed there was a biological basis for attachment - Measured attachment in terms of adaptive value - Believed infants were wired to act in ways that triggered affectionate and protective behaviours in adults
58
Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess
- Longitudinal study on temperament | - Found that temperament was generally stable throughout ones life
59
Jerome Kagan
- Found that infants have either an inhibited or uninhibited temperament - These are culturally dependent
60
Harry Harlow
- Harlow's Rhesus Monkeys - Fed with either a cloth mother or a wire mother - When the monkeys were shown a scary toy, they would run to the cloth mother for comfort, even if they were fed with a wire mother
61
Jay Belsky
Did research into the effects of childcare
62
Robbie Case
- Developed staircase model of development - Four major stages of cognitive development - Noted that stages may be mixed and that culture may play a role in how one develops
63
Juan Pascual-Leone
- Developed M-Capacity - Increase in ability to process information is the basis for cognitive ability - M-Capacity is the max number of mental concepts one can keep in mind at one time
64
Lev Vygotsky
- Developed sociocultural theory - Cognitive development is fueled by social interaction - Culture influences cognitive growth - Language acquisition plays a key role
65
Erik Erikson
- Created Eriksons Stage Theory - Eight stages - First year: Trust vs Mistrust - Second / third year: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - Fourth / sixth year: Initiative vs Guilt - Six / puberty: Industry vs Inferiority - Adolescence: Identity vs Confusion - Early adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation - Middle adulthood: Generativity vs Self-Absorption - Late adulthood: Integrity vs Despair
66
Lawrence Kohlberg
- Stage Theory of Moral Development - Preconventional Level: acts are wrong because they are punished or right because they are rewarded - Conventional Level: rules are necessary for maintaining order and are to be followed - Postconventional Level: development of personal code of ethics effects how one views rules and influences how much one follows them
67
James Marcia
- Developed four identity statuses - Identity Diffusion: no commitment, apathy - Identity Foreclosure: premature commitment - Identity Moratorium: delaying commitment - Identity Achievement: sense of self
68
Jean Piaget
- Stage theory of cognitive development - 4 major stages - Sensorimotor Period: birth - 2, developing ability to coordinate movement with sensory input - Preoperational Period: 2 - 7, children think in terms of centration, irreversibility, egocentrism and animism and they lack conservation - Concrete Operational Period: 7 - 11, can do mental work with physical objects and work with classification of items

Psychology 290 (10 decks)

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