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Psychology 290 > Intelligence and Psychological Testing > Flashcards

Intelligence and Psychological Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Test knowledge of specific subjects

ie. Math test

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2
Q

Adoption Studies

A
  • Studies adopted children and biological / adoptive parents to see correlations between IQ
  • Evidence shows that adoptive children show similarities to both biological and adoptive parents, supporting the idea that both environment and heredity play a role in intelligence
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3
Q

Aptitude Test

A

Measures different types of mental abilities

ie. Pilot aptitude tests measures cognitive skills needed to be a pilot

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4
Q

Construct Validity

A

A Tests ability to measure concepts that are not concrete, such as creativity and intelligence

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5
Q

Content Validity

A 
The test must cover what is it meant to cover, surprises are not valid!
ie. Questions on a subject not covered in class makes a test lack content validity.
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6
Q

Convergent Thinking

A
  • Narrowing down ideas from a list of potentially correct answers
  • This type of thinking is supported in schools
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7
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Shows how strongly related two variables are using numbers

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8
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to generate new, useful ideas

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9
Q

Criterion-Related Intelligence

A 
Comparing subjects scores on one test to their score on another related test
ie. Comparing aptitude test scores to performance scores in the class itself
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10
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Ability to problem solve using knowledge and skills previously gained

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11
Q

Deviation IQ Scores

A
  • Places subjects within the normal distribution using standard deviation
  • Allows one to see where they score in relation to others
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12
Q

Divergent Thinking

A
  • Coming up with new ideas from a base idea
  • Required in creative thinking
  • This type of thinking is assess in creative tests
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13
Q

Down Syndrome

A
  • Associated with mild to severe intellectual disability

- Accompanied by extra chromosome

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14
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A
  • 4 Components
    • identify and express emotions effectively
    • be aware of how emotions influence ones behaviour
  • -understand own emotions
  • -ability to regulate emotions
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15
Q

Factor Analysis

A
  • Relationships between variables are studied to identify correlations between variables
  • If a number of variables correlate strongly, you can assume that one factor is influencing those variables
  • strives to identify those influences
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16
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Includes reasoning ability, memory capacity and speed of information processing

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17
Q

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)

A
  • Common cause of hereditary intellectual disability

- Mutation in inherited gene

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18
Q

Giftedness

A
  • Having a high IQ

- Many schools define gifted children as falling within the upper 2-3% of IQ

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19
Q

Heritability Ratio

A

An estimate on how likely it is for a trait to be passed down

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20
Q

Hydrocephaly

A
  • Over production of cerebrospinal fluid that destroys brain tissue
  • Leads to intellectual disability
21
Q

Intellectual Disability

A
  • Having a generic mental ability lower than normal, followed by lowered adaptive skills
  • Shows up before 18
22
Q

Intelligent Quotient (IQ)

A
  • Created by William Stern
  • (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100
  • Makes it possible to compare children of different ages
23
Q

Intelligence Test

A
  • Measures general mental ability

- Focuses on potential instead of knowledge

24
Q

Mental Age

A
  • Coined by Alfred Binet
  • Showcased mental ability of a child by comparing it to other children of a specific age
    ie. Mental age of 6 means that child performed like the average 6 year old
25
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Bell shaped curve that represents how characteristics are spread across a population

26
Q

Percentile Score

A

The percentage of people who scored at or below a specific score.
ie. 56% percentile means 56% of people scored at or below a certain score

27
Q

Personality Test / Scale

A

Measures aspects of personality

28
Q

Phenylketonuria

A
  • Metabolic disorder

- Can cause intellectual disability if not treated in infancy

29
Q

Psychological Test

A

Measurement of individual differences in peoples skills and personalities

30
Q

Reaction Range

A
  • Coined by Sandra Scarr
  • Heredity gives intelligence a range
  • Environment decides where one falls within that range
    ie. A child in a good environment may fall on the high end of his range yet still have a low IQ
31
Q

Reification

A

Act of treating a hypothetical construct like a tangible object
ie. treating the ego like it is a true being, rather than the concept it is

32
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of a test

33
Q

Standardization

A
  • Rules set in place to make tests easier to compare

- Same test can be given to many groups of children under the same test conditions

34
Q

Stereotype Vulnerability

A

Stigmatized groups experiencing negative emotions in an academic setting that affect their performance and self worth

35
Q

Test Norms

A

-Lets one know where test scores lie in relation to their own

36
Q

Test-Retest Reliablility

A
  • Administers the same test to same subjects twice to see correlation between scores
  • Strong correlation means test is reliable
37
Q

Twin Studies

A
  • Studies done on identical / fraternal twins to see correlations in intelligence
  • Identical twins have more similar IQ than that of fraternal twins, this is true even when reared apart
  • Supports ideas that intelligence is influenced by genes
38
Q

Validity

A

Tests ability to measure what is was meant to

ie. a test meant to measure math skills must measure math skills in order to be valid

39
Q

Alfred Binet

A
  • Created first practical test of general mental ability
  • Test measured abstract reasoning and was inexpensive, easy to administer and reliable
  • Indicated mental age / mental level
40
Q

James Flynn

A
  • Noticed that IQ scores rise with each generation
  • Performed a case study to support his suspicion
  • The rise of IQ from generation to generation is called the “Flynn Effect”
41
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A
  • Studied family trees and saw success ran in families (ignored privilege rich families had)
  • Believed intelligence is completely hereditary
  • Created a test to measure sensory ability (smell, hearing etc)
42
Q

Howard Gardner

A
  • Believes there are many types of intelligence and IQ tests are too narrow
  • 8 main human intelligences:
    1. logical mathematical
    2. linguistic
    3. musical
    4. spatial
    5. bodily-kinetic
    6. interpersonal
    7. intrapersonal
    8. naturalist
  • People tend to have a mix of strong and weak intelligences
43
Q

Arthur Jensen

A
  • Believes cultural differences in IQ are hereditary
  • Heritablility of IQ is 80%
  • Controversial ideas
44
Q

Sandra Scarr

A
  • Coined reaction range

- Heredity gives intelligence a range, environment decides where one falls within that range

45
Q

Claude Steele

A
  • Believes stereotypes of stigmatized groups influence how they feel and perform academically
  • Coined stereotype vulnerability
46
Q

Robert Sternberg

A
  • Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence
  • -3 Parts:
    1. contextual
  • intelligence is culturally defined
    2. experiential
  • experience vs intelligence
    3. componential
  • meta-components, performance components, knowledge-acquisition components
  • 3 aspects to “successful intelligence”
    1. analytical reasoning
    2. creative intelligence
    3. practical intelligence
47
Q

Lewis Terman

A
  • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
  • Featured IQ
  • Made it possible to compare children of different ages
48
Q

David Wechsler

A
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
  • First practical IQ test for adults
  • More dependent on non verbal reasoning
  • Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and full scale / total IQ

Psychology 290 (10 decks)

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