Intelligence and Psychological Testing Flashcards
1
Q
Achievement Tests
A
Test knowledge of specific subjects
ie. Math test
2
Q
Adoption Studies
A
- Studies adopted children and biological / adoptive parents to see correlations between IQ
- Evidence shows that adoptive children show similarities to both biological and adoptive parents, supporting the idea that both environment and heredity play a role in intelligence
3
Q
Aptitude Test
A
Measures different types of mental abilities
ie. Pilot aptitude tests measures cognitive skills needed to be a pilot
4
Q
Construct Validity
A
A Tests ability to measure concepts that are not concrete, such as creativity and intelligence
5
Q
Content Validity
A
The test must cover what is it meant to cover, surprises are not valid! ie. Questions on a subject not covered in class makes a test lack content validity.
6
Q
Convergent Thinking
A
- Narrowing down ideas from a list of potentially correct answers
- This type of thinking is supported in schools
7
Q
Correlation Coefficient
A
Shows how strongly related two variables are using numbers
8
Q
Creativity
A
The ability to generate new, useful ideas
9
Q
Criterion-Related Intelligence
A
Comparing subjects scores on one test to their score on another related test ie. Comparing aptitude test scores to performance scores in the class itself
10
Q
Crystallized Intelligence
A
Ability to problem solve using knowledge and skills previously gained
11
Q
Deviation IQ Scores
A
- Places subjects within the normal distribution using standard deviation
- Allows one to see where they score in relation to others
12
Q
Divergent Thinking
A
- Coming up with new ideas from a base idea
- Required in creative thinking
- This type of thinking is assess in creative tests
13
Q
Down Syndrome
A
- Associated with mild to severe intellectual disability
- Accompanied by extra chromosome
14
Q
Emotional Intelligence
A
- 4 Components
- identify and express emotions effectively
- be aware of how emotions influence ones behaviour
- -understand own emotions
- -ability to regulate emotions
15
Q
Factor Analysis
A
- Relationships between variables are studied to identify correlations between variables
- If a number of variables correlate strongly, you can assume that one factor is influencing those variables
- strives to identify those influences
16
Q
Fluid Intelligence
A
Includes reasoning ability, memory capacity and speed of information processing
17
Q
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)
A
- Common cause of hereditary intellectual disability
- Mutation in inherited gene
18
Q
Giftedness
A
- Having a high IQ
- Many schools define gifted children as falling within the upper 2-3% of IQ
19
Q
Heritability Ratio
A
An estimate on how likely it is for a trait to be passed down
20
Q
Hydrocephaly
A
- Over production of cerebrospinal fluid that destroys brain tissue
- Leads to intellectual disability
21
Q
Intellectual Disability
A
- Having a generic mental ability lower than normal, followed by lowered adaptive skills
- Shows up before 18
22
Q
Intelligent Quotient (IQ)
A
- Created by William Stern
- (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100
- Makes it possible to compare children of different ages
23
Q
Intelligence Test
A
- Measures general mental ability
- Focuses on potential instead of knowledge
24
Q
Mental Age
A
- Coined by Alfred Binet
- Showcased mental ability of a child by comparing it to other children of a specific age
ie. Mental age of 6 means that child performed like the average 6 year old
25
Normal Distribution
Bell shaped curve that represents how characteristics are spread across a population
26
Percentile Score
The percentage of people who scored at or below a specific score.
ie. 56% percentile means 56% of people scored at or below a certain score
27
Personality Test / Scale
Measures aspects of personality
28
Phenylketonuria
- Metabolic disorder
| - Can cause intellectual disability if not treated in infancy
29
Psychological Test
Measurement of individual differences in peoples skills and personalities
30
Reaction Range
- Coined by Sandra Scarr
- Heredity gives intelligence a range
- Environment decides where one falls within that range
ie. A child in a good environment may fall on the high end of his range yet still have a low IQ
31
Reification
Act of treating a hypothetical construct like a tangible object
ie. treating the ego like it is a true being, rather than the concept it is
32
Reliability
Consistency of a test
33
Standardization
- Rules set in place to make tests easier to compare
| - Same test can be given to many groups of children under the same test conditions
34
Stereotype Vulnerability
Stigmatized groups experiencing negative emotions in an academic setting that affect their performance and self worth
35
Test Norms
-Lets one know where test scores lie in relation to their own
36
Test-Retest Reliablility
- Administers the same test to same subjects twice to see correlation between scores
- Strong correlation means test is reliable
37
Twin Studies
- Studies done on identical / fraternal twins to see correlations in intelligence
- Identical twins have more similar IQ than that of fraternal twins, this is true even when reared apart
- Supports ideas that intelligence is influenced by genes
38
Validity
Tests ability to measure what is was meant to
| ie. a test meant to measure math skills must measure math skills in order to be valid
39
Alfred Binet
- Created first practical test of general mental ability
- Test measured abstract reasoning and was inexpensive, easy to administer and reliable
- Indicated mental age / mental level
40
James Flynn
- Noticed that IQ scores rise with each generation
- Performed a case study to support his suspicion
- The rise of IQ from generation to generation is called the "Flynn Effect"
41
Sir Francis Galton
- Studied family trees and saw success ran in families (ignored privilege rich families had)
- Believed intelligence is completely hereditary
- Created a test to measure sensory ability (smell, hearing etc)
42
Howard Gardner
- Believes there are many types of intelligence and IQ tests are too narrow
- 8 main human intelligences:
1. logical mathematical
2. linguistic
3. musical
4. spatial
5. bodily-kinetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalist
- People tend to have a mix of strong and weak intelligences
43
Arthur Jensen
- Believes cultural differences in IQ are hereditary
- Heritablility of IQ is 80%
- Controversial ideas
44
Sandra Scarr
- Coined reaction range
| - Heredity gives intelligence a range, environment decides where one falls within that range
45
Claude Steele
- Believes stereotypes of stigmatized groups influence how they feel and perform academically
- Coined stereotype vulnerability
46
Robert Sternberg
- Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence
- -3 Parts:
1. contextual
- intelligence is culturally defined
2. experiential
- experience vs intelligence
3. componential
- meta-components, performance components, knowledge-acquisition components
- 3 aspects to "successful intelligence"
1. analytical reasoning
2. creative intelligence
3. practical intelligence
47
Lewis Terman
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- Featured IQ
- Made it possible to compare children of different ages
48
David Wechsler
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
- First practical IQ test for adults
- More dependent on non verbal reasoning
- Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and full scale / total IQ
