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Psychology 290 > Personality: Theory, Research and Assessment > Flashcards

Personality: Theory, Research and Assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

Archetypes

A

Images with a deep emotional meaning that are shared across cultures

ie. Mandala

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2
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • Created by John B. Watson

- School of thought that believes psychology should only study observable behaviour

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3
Q

Collective Unconscious

A
  • Created by Carl Jung
  • Memories way below our conscious awareness that are inherited from ancestors
  • This is shared with the entire human race
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4
Q

Collectivism

A
  • Putting group goals ahead of personal ones and defining oneself in relation to groups they’re apart of
  • Seen in many Asian cultures
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5
Q

Compensation

A
  • Explained by Alfred Alder
  • Efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority, whether they are true or false
  • Overcompensation is a sign of inferiority complexes
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6
Q

Conscious

A
  • One of Freud’s three levels of awareness

- What one is aware of in the current moment

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7
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A
  • Idea began by Sigmund Freud
  • Unconscious reactions that serve as protection against anxiety and other unpleasant emotions
  • Rationalization, repression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, identification and sublimation
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8
Q

Displacement

A
  • One of the defense mechanisms

- Channeling ones emotions (normally anger) at people or things that have nothing to do with why one feels a certain way

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9
Q

Ego

A
  • One of Freud’s three components of personality
  • Ego works as the logical counterpart to Id, wanting to act in socially acceptable ways
  • Uses the reality principle
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10
Q

Extroverts

A
  • First studied by Carl Jung
  • These people are interested in the external world and other people
  • Tend to be friendlier, more outgoing and happier than introverts
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11
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Studies done on various variables to find related variables and find reasons as to why these variables are related

ie. If someone is friendly, outgoing and sociable, chances are it is because they are an extrovert

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12
Q

Fixation

A
  • Freud’s theory of development

- Fixation on one stage will inhibit progression into the next stage and cause problems in adulthood

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13
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • Created by Abraham Maslow
  • Needs near the base of the pyramid must be satisfied before moving on to needs above it
  • Physiological, survival and security, belonging and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization
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14
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to interpret situations differently once the outcome is known

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15
Q

Humanism

A
  • School of thought that focuses on the unique human experience, the need for personal growth and the freedom humans have
  • Follow the phenomenological approach
  • Believe one’s subjective view of the world is more important than true reality
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16
Q

Id

A
  • One of Freud’s three components of personality
  • Focuses on primitive needs and wants instant gratification
  • Works on the pleasure principle
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17
Q

Identification

A
  • Defense mechanism

- Improving self-esteem by identifying with a person or group of people, even if it is unrealistic

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18
Q

Incongruence

A
  • Part of Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory
  • Differences between the ideal self and actual self
  • Too much incongruence can lead to anxiety disorders
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19
Q

Individualism

A
  • Putting one’s own goals ahead of group goals and defining oneself using personal achievements, not group ones
  • Commonly seen in Western cultures
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20
Q

Introverts

A
  • First explained by Carl Jung
  • Concerned with one’s own thoughts and feelings, not so much with others
  • Tend to be more bashful, tentative and anxious
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21
Q

Model

A
  • Part of Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

- Someone whose behaviour is being observed

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22
Q

Mortality Salience

A

How prominent mortality is in someone’s mind

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23
Q

Narcissism

A
  • Personality trait identified by seeing an inflated sense of importance, need for attention, entitlement and a habit of exploiting peers
  • Extreme cases are seen in those who have Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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24
Q

Need for Self-Actualization

A
  • Need to realize and life up to one’s potential

- Seen in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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25
Q

Observational Learning

A
  • Conditioning responses by watching how others behave

- Part of Alfred Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

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26
Q

Oedipal Complex

A
  • Freud’s Stage Theory of Development
  • Emerges in the phallic stage
  • Children form an erotic desire for their opposite-sex parent normally followed by hostility towards their same-sex parent
  • Failure to get over this complex will cause problems in adulthood as the child will never be able to identify with their same-sex parent due to hostility
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27
Q

Personal Unconscious

A
  • One of Carl Jung’s two levels of unconscious

- Memories, thoughts or feelings that fall under conscious awareness but still influence behaviour

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28
Q

Personality

A

Unique collection of behavioural traits

29
Q

Personality Trait

A

Tendency to behave in a certain way in multiple situations

30
Q

Phenomenological Approach

A
  • Used in humanism

- Belief that in order to understand an individual’s behaviour, one must first understand their subjective experiences

31
Q

Pleasure Principle

A
  • Used by Id

- Wants immediate gratification of urges

32
Q

Preconscious

A
  • One of Freud’s three levels of consciousness
  • Information that flies right under conscious awareness and is easy to retrieve
    ie. Your dogs name
33
Q

Projection

A
  • Defense mechanism
  • Labelling one’s own thoughts or feelings as another person’s
    ie. You may deny not liking your boss by saying that they’re the ones who don’t like you
34
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • Measurement of personality

- Include tests such as the inkblot and thematic apperception test

35
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A
  • Includes theories from Freud, Jung and Alder

- Lots of focus on the unconscious

36
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A
  • Created by Sigmund Freud for his stage theory of development
  • Oral Stage: from ages 0-1. Erotic focus is the mouth and the main experience is weaning from a bottle or breast. Fixation here can cause overeating, smoking or other oral fixations as an adult
  • Anal Stage: from ages 1-2. Erotic focus is the anus by expelling or retaining feces. The main experience is toilet training, and training that is too strict may lead to sexual anxiety as an adult
  • Phallic Stage: from ages 4-5. Erotic focus is the genitals through self-stimulation. The Oedipal complex emerges here and girls may develop penis envy. Failure to break the complex will cause problems in adulthood
  • Latency Stage: from age 6-puberty. There is no erotic focus as sexuality is repressed to channel more energy into creating relationships with peers.
  • Genital Stage: through puberty. Erotic focus is once again the genitals, but sexual energy is channeled at peers and not at oneself. The key experience here involves the creation of intimate relationships
37
Q

Rationalization

A
  • Defense mechanism

- Creating fake yet realistic excuses for undesirable behaviour

38
Q

Reaction Formation

A
  • Defense mechanism

- Behaving in a way that is the opposite of how they are feeling

39
Q

Reality Principle

A
  • Used by the Ego

- Delays gratification until appropriate situations are found to satisfy urges

40
Q

Regression

A
  • Defense mechanism

- Reverting to immature behaviour

41
Q

Repression

A
  • Defense mechanism
  • Ignoring unpleasant memories, thoughts or feelings and burying them in the unconscious
  • Contributes to motivated forgetting
42
Q

Self-Actualizing Persons

A
  • People who have realized and met their potential
  • Characterized by their healthy personalities
  • They are content alone but not anxious in social situations and have a balance between opposites in their personality
  • These people are extremely tough to find, even in Maslow’s research
43
Q

Self-Concept

A
  • Established by Carl Rogers

- How one views themselves to be

44
Q

Self-Efficacy

A
  • Part of Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

- People’s ability to predict how well they will be at performing different tasks

45
Q

Self-Enhancement

A

-Tendency to focus on positive feedback from others and inflate one’s strengths, leading to the belief that they are above average

46
Q

Self-Report Inventories

A
  • Measurements of personality
  • Asks subjects to answer questions about their personality traits
  • MMPI, 16PF and NEO Personality Inventories
47
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A
  • Most commonly used self-report inventory
  • Used often used to assist in the diagnosis of psychological disorders by measuring traits such as depression, paranoia and hysteria
48
Q

16 Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire

A
  • Created by Raymond Cattell
  • Reduced a list of traits to 16 source traits
  • Measures different aspects of personality
49
Q

NEO Personality Inventory

A
  • Studies the Big Five traits

- Used in research and clinical work

50
Q

The Big Five

A
  • Main traits that are believed to be the source of all other personality traits
  • Created by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
  • Extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness
51
Q

Striving for Superiority

A
  • Alfred Alder believed this was the main pursuit of life

- Drive to improve oneself and master challenges

52
Q

Sublimation

A
  • Defense mechanism

- Unfavourable feelings are channeled into socially acceptable or even admirable behaiours

53
Q

Superego

A
  • One of Freud’s three components of personality
  • Moral compass of personality
  • Incorporates what society believes to be right and wrong
54
Q

Terror Management Theory

A
  • Created by Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski
  • Buffers to protect people from the overwhelming fear of DEATH :-[
  • Buffers include cultural worldviews, self-esteem and meaningful relationships
55
Q

Unconscious

A
  • One of Freud’s three levels of consciousness

- Memories, thoughts or feelings that are way below the conscious awareness but still influence behaviour

56
Q

Alfred Adler

A
  • Psychodynamic Theorist
  • Individual Psychology
  • Striving for superiority was the main goal of life
  • Compensation was used to avoid feelings of inferiority, and inferiority complexes evolved from parents neglecting their children or giving them “conditional” love
  • First to emphasize importance of birth order
57
Q

Albert Bandura

A
  • Behaviourist
  • Social Cognitive Theory
  • Believes observational learning largely influences personality
  • Believes in reciprocal determinism, which is the idea that the environment influences behaviour and vice versa
  • Focuses a lot on self-efficacy and believes that it is subjective to different kinds of tasks
58
Q

David Buss

A
  • Evolutionist
  • Believes the Big Five personality traits have emerged because they had adaptive value
  • These traits are recognizable because people could use them for judgement as to who would be of most help to them
59
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Created the 16PF Questionnaire by condensing a list of traits from 4504 to 16

60
Q

Norman Endler

A
  • Behaviourist

- Believed that personality traits work with situational factors to produce behaviour

61
Q

Hans Eysenck

A
  • Biological psychologist
  • Believes in three high-order traits: extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism (cold, impulsive, antisocial etc.)
  • Some people can be conditioned easier than others, and those who condition easy develop more inhibitions which make them more shy and anxious, leading them to become introverted
62
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Psychodynamic Theorist
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Id, ego and superego
  • Defense mechanisms
  • Conscious, preconscious and unconscious
  • Psychosexual development
63
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • Psychodynamic theorist
  • Analytical psychology
  • Personal unconscious and collective unconscious
  • Archetypes
  • First to describe introverted and extroverted personality types
64
Q

Abraham Maslow

A
  • Humanist

- Created Hierarchy of Needs and focused on what it means to be a self-actualized person

65
Q

Walter Mischel

A
  • Behaviourist
  • Believes people behave differently in different situations
  • People’s personalities aren’t as consistent as originally thought
  • Created a debate regarding person vs situation, which led to the discovery that both influence behvaiour
66
Q

Delroy Paulhus

A

Believed repression was the main defense mechanism used

67
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • Humanist
  • Created self-concept
  • Believes conditional love from a parent leads to incongruency and unconditional love leads to congruency
  • Situations that threaten the self-concept are causes of anxiety
68
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • Behaviourist
  • Didn’t care about people’s internal events, only observable behaviour
  • Believes behaviour is completely determined by environment
  • Operant conditioning shapes personality
69
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behaviour that produces favourable outcomes is repeated and behaviour that produces unfavourable or neutral outcomes are avoided

Psychology 290 (10 decks)

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