Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Achievement Motive
The desire to excel
Affective Forecasting
Predicting how an event will affect ones emotional state
Argument
Everyday usage: dispute
Technical: one or more premises that support a conclusion
Assumptions
Premises that have no proof and generally go unstated
Bisexuals
People who are romantically and sexually interested in both sexes
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Weight (kg) / Height (meters) squared
Display Rules
Cultural expectations around when and how it is acceptable to show emotions, as well as which emotions are socially acceptable to display in public
Drive
- Internal desire to ease tension
- Pushes people to do things like eat, have sex or sleep
Emotion
- A cognitive experience unique to each person
- Autonomic arousal (physiological)
- Nonverbal expression
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
An increase in electric conductivity on the skin when sweat glands raise activity levels
Glucose
A sugar derived from consumed food that converts into energy
Hedonic Adaption
Occurs when the scale one uses to judge ones experiences shifts to accommodate for a big emotional event
Heterosexuals
People who are romantically and sexually attracted to those of the opposite sex
Homosexuals
People who are romantically and sexually attracted to those of the same sex
Homeostasis
Physiological equilibrium
Incentive
- External influences that pull one in
- Isn’t related to any internal drives
ie. an advertisement for fast food may give you incentive to get fast food
Motivation
Goal-oriented behaviour
Obesity
State of being extremely overweight
Orgasm
- Peak of sexual arousal
- In males it is accompanied by ejaculation
- Females are less likely to achieve orgasm, but are more likely to be multiorgasmic
Polygraph
- Lie detector (emotion detector)
- Works by asking a series of regular questions first to create a baseline (what is your name, what day is it etc)
- Asks serious questions and records autonomic arousal such as increased heart rate
- Unreliable source of evidence
Premises
Supporting claims for a conclusion in an argument
Refractory Period
The time following an orgasm for males where they are unresponsive to sexual stimuli
Set-Point Theory
- Body monitors fat stores to create stability in weight
- If fat stores go down, hunger will increase and metabolism will decrease
Settling-Point Theory
- Many factors contribute to weight stability
- With proper diet and exercise, one can lose weight and keep it off
Sexual Orientation
Preferences for romantic and sexual relationships between the same sex, opposite sex or either sex
Subjective Well-Being
One’s own perception of their general happiness and satisfaction with their life
Vasocongestion
- Engorgement of blood vessels
- In males, it causes erections and the secretion of a liquid that isn’t semen but may contain sperm
- In females it hardens and swells the clitoris, tightens the vaginal entrance and lubricates the vagina.
John Atkinson
- Expanded on McClelland’s theory of achievement motivation
- Tendency to attempt tasks is situation dependent
1. Strength of ones motivation for achievement
2. Probability of success
3. Value of success - Fear of failure also influences how likely we are to attempt tasks
David Buss
- Surveyed over 10 000 people from 37 cultures to see what each sex looked for in a mate
- Discovered that certain preferences transcend culture such as a man’s attraction to youthfulness or a woman’s attraction to ambition
Walter Cannon
- Created Cannon-Bard theory with Philip Bard
- Found the James-Lange theory dissatisfying
- Didn’t believe emotion came from autonomic arousal because emotion happened too fast
- More than one emotion can trigger the same autonomic response
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion is caused by the thalamus sending signals to the autonomic nervous system and the cortex at the same time, causing both physical and emotional reactions
ie. If you see a bear, the thalamus will take that information and send it to your autonomic nervous system and your cortex, causing you to feel fear and tremble
James-Lange Theory
Autonomic responses help our bodies to label emotions
ie. If you see a bear and you start to tremble, your brain will know you are scared because you are trembling
Two-Factor Theory
- Autonomic responses trigger emotion, but only once the brain has assessed the situation
- Since multiple emotions can have the same physical effects, the situation must be assessed before labeling an emotion based off of an autonomic response
ie. If you see a bear, you will start to tremble. Your brain will then assess the situation and see you are trembling since there is a bear, and since this is a risky situation, you must be scared
Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen
- Did a study to see how well people could identify emotions using a photo
- 6 fundamental emotions:
1. happiness
2. sadness
3. anger
4. fear
5. disgust
6. surprise
William James
- Functionalist who assisted in the James-Lange theory
- Believed that autonomic arousal created emotion
Joseph LeDoux
- Believes sensory information for emotion arrive at the thalamus and are sent on two separate routes
- One fast route to amygdala (core processor of emotion) and one slower route to areas in the cortex
- If the amygdala senses a threat, it automatically triggers the autonomic nervous system
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
- Did in depth studies on human sexuality and the phases of sexual arousal, also how sex varies for men and women
- Broke sex down into 4 parts:
1. Excitement phase
2. Plateau phase
3. Orgasm phase
4. Resolution phase
David McClelland
Believes achievement motivation starts economic growth, scientific progress, masterpieces in art etc.
Henry Murray
- Created a list of social motives most people have
ie. Achievement motive, affiliation motive, play motive etc. - Strength of each motive varies from person to person
Robert Plutchik
- Created a model from his list of primary emotions to show how emotions work
- Using the primary emotions as a base, the model shows varying intensity in emotion and mixes of emotions
Parental Investment Theory
- Robert Trivers
- Sex with the smaller investment in the offspring competes for mating opportunities with the sex that makes the larger commitment
- The sex that makes the larger commitment is able to be more picky with who it mates with
Stanley Schachter
Created Two-Factor theory in response to the James-Lange Theory and Cannon-Bard Theory
Amygdala
Central hub for emotion processing
Brain Regulation
- Hypothalamus is involved in a variety of biological drives
- Arcuate nucleus and paraventicular nucleus are especially important in hunger regulation
- Arcuate nucleus contains 2 groups of neurons:
1. sensitive to hunger signals
2. responds to satiety signals
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
- Theory that your facial expression determines emotion
- Some type of stimulus is taken in and processed, triggering a facial expression
- The movement in facial muscles send signals to the brain, the emotion correlated to that expression will be experienced
Glucostatic Theory
- Fluctuations in glucose levels cause hunger
- Arcuate nucleus is sensitive to glucose levels
Ghrelin
- Stomach releases ghrelin after going without food for a while
- Ghrelin causes contractions in the stomach and hunger
Leptin
- Produced by fat cells
- Leptin is associated with satiety
- More fat cells, more leptin, less hungry
Happiness (Predictors)
Main promoters of happiness:
- Love and marriage
- people who are in love report being substantially happier than those who are not - Career
- Genetics / Personality
- those who are more upbeat and outgoing tend to be happier
- studies show that people who share genes tend to be similar in their levels of happiness
Happiness (Ingredients)
- Subjective well-being, or what you perceive your quality of life to be, is a main ingredient in happiness
- Possessions are not important, its how you feel about your possessions that matters
Hormonal Regulation
- Insulin is associated with a spike in hunger
- Sight and smell of food can trigger the secretion of insulin
- Insulin levels are sensitive to fat levels
- Ghrelin is attributed to hunger
- CCK is attributed to signals of satiety
- Leptin diminishes the experience of hunger
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Measures personal motives by making subjects create stories or assumptions about situations in vague pictures.
ie. someone with a strong affiliation motive may make more stories about people wishing they had more friends, or were with their families.
Alfred Kinsey
Believed sexual orientation should be viewed on a continuum.
