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Psychology 290 > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Achievement Motive

A

The desire to excel

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2
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

Predicting how an event will affect ones emotional state

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3
Q

Argument

A

Everyday usage: dispute

Technical: one or more premises that support a conclusion

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4
Q

Assumptions

A

Premises that have no proof and generally go unstated

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5
Q

Bisexuals

A

People who are romantically and sexually interested in both sexes

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6
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

Weight (kg) / Height (meters) squared

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7
Q

Display Rules

A

Cultural expectations around when and how it is acceptable to show emotions, as well as which emotions are socially acceptable to display in public

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8
Q

Drive

A
  • Internal desire to ease tension

- Pushes people to do things like eat, have sex or sleep

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9
Q

Emotion

A
  1. A cognitive experience unique to each person
  2. Autonomic arousal (physiological)
  3. Nonverbal expression
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10
Q

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

A

An increase in electric conductivity on the skin when sweat glands raise activity levels

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11
Q

Glucose

A

A sugar derived from consumed food that converts into energy

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12
Q

Hedonic Adaption

A

Occurs when the scale one uses to judge ones experiences shifts to accommodate for a big emotional event

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13
Q

Heterosexuals

A

People who are romantically and sexually attracted to those of the opposite sex

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14
Q

Homosexuals

A

People who are romantically and sexually attracted to those of the same sex

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

Physiological equilibrium

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16
Q

Incentive

A
  • External influences that pull one in
  • Isn’t related to any internal drives
    ie. an advertisement for fast food may give you incentive to get fast food
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17
Q

Motivation

A

Goal-oriented behaviour

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18
Q

Obesity

A

State of being extremely overweight

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19
Q

Orgasm

A
  • Peak of sexual arousal
  • In males it is accompanied by ejaculation
  • Females are less likely to achieve orgasm, but are more likely to be multiorgasmic
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20
Q

Polygraph

A
  • Lie detector (emotion detector)
  • Works by asking a series of regular questions first to create a baseline (what is your name, what day is it etc)
  • Asks serious questions and records autonomic arousal such as increased heart rate
  • Unreliable source of evidence
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21
Q

Premises

A

Supporting claims for a conclusion in an argument

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22
Q

Refractory Period

A

The time following an orgasm for males where they are unresponsive to sexual stimuli

23
Q

Set-Point Theory

A
  • Body monitors fat stores to create stability in weight

- If fat stores go down, hunger will increase and metabolism will decrease

24
Q

Settling-Point Theory

A
  • Many factors contribute to weight stability

- With proper diet and exercise, one can lose weight and keep it off

25
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Preferences for romantic and sexual relationships between the same sex, opposite sex or either sex

26
Q

Subjective Well-Being

A

One’s own perception of their general happiness and satisfaction with their life

27
Q

Vasocongestion

A
  • Engorgement of blood vessels
  • In males, it causes erections and the secretion of a liquid that isn’t semen but may contain sperm
  • In females it hardens and swells the clitoris, tightens the vaginal entrance and lubricates the vagina.
28
Q

John Atkinson

A
  • Expanded on McClelland’s theory of achievement motivation
  • Tendency to attempt tasks is situation dependent
    1. Strength of ones motivation for achievement
    2. Probability of success
    3. Value of success
  • Fear of failure also influences how likely we are to attempt tasks
29
Q

David Buss

A
  • Surveyed over 10 000 people from 37 cultures to see what each sex looked for in a mate
  • Discovered that certain preferences transcend culture such as a man’s attraction to youthfulness or a woman’s attraction to ambition
30
Q

Walter Cannon

A
  • Created Cannon-Bard theory with Philip Bard
  • Found the James-Lange theory dissatisfying
  • Didn’t believe emotion came from autonomic arousal because emotion happened too fast
  • More than one emotion can trigger the same autonomic response
31
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Emotion is caused by the thalamus sending signals to the autonomic nervous system and the cortex at the same time, causing both physical and emotional reactions
ie. If you see a bear, the thalamus will take that information and send it to your autonomic nervous system and your cortex, causing you to feel fear and tremble

32
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Autonomic responses help our bodies to label emotions

ie. If you see a bear and you start to tremble, your brain will know you are scared because you are trembling

33
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A
  • Autonomic responses trigger emotion, but only once the brain has assessed the situation
  • Since multiple emotions can have the same physical effects, the situation must be assessed before labeling an emotion based off of an autonomic response
    ie. If you see a bear, you will start to tremble. Your brain will then assess the situation and see you are trembling since there is a bear, and since this is a risky situation, you must be scared
34
Q

Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen

A
  • Did a study to see how well people could identify emotions using a photo
  • 6 fundamental emotions:
    1. happiness
    2. sadness
    3. anger
    4. fear
    5. disgust
    6. surprise
35
Q

William James

A
  • Functionalist who assisted in the James-Lange theory

- Believed that autonomic arousal created emotion

36
Q

Joseph LeDoux

A
  • Believes sensory information for emotion arrive at the thalamus and are sent on two separate routes
  • One fast route to amygdala (core processor of emotion) and one slower route to areas in the cortex
  • If the amygdala senses a threat, it automatically triggers the autonomic nervous system
37
Q

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

A
  • Did in depth studies on human sexuality and the phases of sexual arousal, also how sex varies for men and women
  • Broke sex down into 4 parts:
    1. Excitement phase
    2. Plateau phase
    3. Orgasm phase
    4. Resolution phase
38
Q

David McClelland

A

Believes achievement motivation starts economic growth, scientific progress, masterpieces in art etc.

39
Q

Henry Murray

A
  • Created a list of social motives most people have
    ie. Achievement motive, affiliation motive, play motive etc.
  • Strength of each motive varies from person to person
40
Q

Robert Plutchik

A
  • Created a model from his list of primary emotions to show how emotions work
  • Using the primary emotions as a base, the model shows varying intensity in emotion and mixes of emotions
41
Q

Parental Investment Theory

A
  • Robert Trivers
  • Sex with the smaller investment in the offspring competes for mating opportunities with the sex that makes the larger commitment
  • The sex that makes the larger commitment is able to be more picky with who it mates with
42
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

Created Two-Factor theory in response to the James-Lange Theory and Cannon-Bard Theory

43
Q

Amygdala

A

Central hub for emotion processing

44
Q

Brain Regulation

A
  • Hypothalamus is involved in a variety of biological drives
  • Arcuate nucleus and paraventicular nucleus are especially important in hunger regulation
  • Arcuate nucleus contains 2 groups of neurons:
    1. sensitive to hunger signals
    2. responds to satiety signals
45
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A
  • Theory that your facial expression determines emotion
  • Some type of stimulus is taken in and processed, triggering a facial expression
  • The movement in facial muscles send signals to the brain, the emotion correlated to that expression will be experienced
46
Q

Glucostatic Theory

A
  • Fluctuations in glucose levels cause hunger

- Arcuate nucleus is sensitive to glucose levels

47
Q

Ghrelin

A
  • Stomach releases ghrelin after going without food for a while
  • Ghrelin causes contractions in the stomach and hunger
48
Q

Leptin

A
  • Produced by fat cells
  • Leptin is associated with satiety
  • More fat cells, more leptin, less hungry
49
Q

Happiness (Predictors)

A

Main promoters of happiness:

  1. Love and marriage
    - people who are in love report being substantially happier than those who are not
  2. Career
  3. Genetics / Personality
    - those who are more upbeat and outgoing tend to be happier
    - studies show that people who share genes tend to be similar in their levels of happiness
50
Q

Happiness (Ingredients)

A
  • Subjective well-being, or what you perceive your quality of life to be, is a main ingredient in happiness
  • Possessions are not important, its how you feel about your possessions that matters
51
Q

Hormonal Regulation

A
  • Insulin is associated with a spike in hunger
  • Sight and smell of food can trigger the secretion of insulin
  • Insulin levels are sensitive to fat levels
  • Ghrelin is attributed to hunger
  • CCK is attributed to signals of satiety
  • Leptin diminishes the experience of hunger
52
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Measures personal motives by making subjects create stories or assumptions about situations in vague pictures.
ie. someone with a strong affiliation motive may make more stories about people wishing they had more friends, or were with their families.

53
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Believed sexual orientation should be viewed on a continuum.

Psychology 290 (10 decks)

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