Research & Assessment Methods Flashcards
GIS, Census and Economic and Demographic Analysis
What are the four major population estimates and projection models?
Linear, Symptomatic, Step-Down Ratio and Cohort Survival.
Which projection method uses the change in population over a period of time and extrapolates it into the future?
Linear method
Which projection method uses the rate of growth over a period of time to estimate the current or future population?
Exponential and Modified Exponential methods.
What is the difference between exponential and modified exponential method?
The modified exponential assumes there’s a cap to growth and at some point growth will stop or slow down resulting in an s-shaped curve as opposed to a curved line like the exponential method.
The gompertz projection is a modification of the modified exponential where __________________?
growth is slow in the beginning and speeds up over time
This projection method uses data that is indirectly related to population size, such as housing starts, new driver’s licenses, or average household size.
Symptomatic Method
This projection method uses the ratio of the population in a city or a county.
Step-Down Ratio method
This projection method multiplies the Census data for the number of housing units by the occupancy rate and persons per household.
Distributed Housing Unit Method
This projection method uses current population plus natural increase and net migration.
Cohort Survival.
Which method is the most accurate population projection but requires the most data?
Cohort Survival
What are the three major economic analysis methods?
Economic base, shift share & input-output analysis
An economic base analysis looks at what kind of economic activity and calculates what for each industry?
basic (can be exported) and non basic (locally oriented) activity. It calculates a Location Quotient for each industry
The __________ is the ratio of an industry’s share of local employment divided by the share of the nation.
LQ (location quotient)
A LQ greater than 1 indicates ____________, while an LQ less than 1 indicates __________?
exporting economy
importing economy
Which analysis method analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy?
Shift-share
Which method can be used to determine the employment effect that a particular project has on a local economy?
Input-output analysis
The __________ is the standard used by the Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments.
NAICS - North American Industry Classification System
_____________ is a term used to describe computerized mapping.
GIS
Spatial data can be displayed accurately because of ____________
georeferencing, latitude and longitude
Attribute data is typically stored in a _____________
spreadsheet/database
Which instrumental person is known for the illustrated concepts of layering thematic data with various attributes?
Ian McHarg
A __________________ is a two-dimensional representation of a portion of a three-dimensional surface of the earth.
Topographic
________________ can be downloaded from the Census into GIS
TIGER files
___________________ show digital data on elevation
Digital elevation models (DEM)
___________ uses lasers that are mounted on an airplane to provide detailed topographic information.
LIDAR
_______________ is a simulation program that models plans and urban development
UrbanSim
______________ is an ESRI software that analyzes land use scenarios and creates 3D images
CommunityViz
________________ is a software that uses place types, block types, and building types to support interactive scenario building.
Urban Footprint
A ___________ is a research method that allows one to collect data on a topic that cannot be directly observed, such as opinions.
Survey
Surveys are meant for a sample of the population, the population of interest is called ________________
sampling frame
A survey on how parents feel about the quality of a recreational facility as of today, is what kind of survey?
cross-sectional survey
A survey of service satisfaction every couple of years, is what kind of survey
longitudinal survey
A ____________ is popular when a planner is trying to obtain information from a broad audience.
Written survey
Which survey is low-cost and convenient because it can be completed at the participant’s leisure but has a very low response rate?
Written survey
Written surveys don’t benefit which population?
seniors, those who don’t speak English, groups with low literacy rates.
Which form of survey allows for high and quick response rates and is appropriate for targeting specific populations?
Group-administered surveys
The difficulty with administering a ____________ survey is getting everyone together to complete it.
group-administered survey
A _____________ can be dropped off at someone’s residence and be completed at their leisure
drop-off survey
True/False: Response rates for a drop-off survey are lower than a mail in survey because the person dropping it off may have personal contact with the participant.
False - it is usually higher
This survey method is expensive because of the time required to distribute and is generally a smaller sample size.
Drop-off survey
_______________ survey can be administered on the phone or in person.
Oral survey
Phone survey are useful when you need what type of answers?
yes or no answers.
True/False: response rates for phone surveys are declining and sometimes more expensive than mail or internet-based surveys.
True
Which survey method is inexpensive, and has a higher response rate than written or interview surveys?
Online Surveys
What is the downside to online surveys?
You will not be able to reach people without internet access
In designing a survey all questions must be ___________ and ____________.
Clear and short
Questions on a survey should avoid _______________ terms and each question should only ask about _______________.
negative, and should only ask about one issue.
A _____________ response method of a scale or yes/no is a great way to design a survey.
consistent
What kind of sampling, is there direct mathematical relation between the sample and population, so precise conclusions can be drawn?
Probability sampling
Random samples are an example of what kind of sampling?
Probability sampling
In __________ sampling, a population is divided into separate groups or classes.
Stratified sampling
A __________ sample is a form of stratified sampling where a specific group is targeted out of the general population.
cluster sample
What kind of sampling has no precise connection between the sample and population?
non-probability sampling
True/False: Non-probability samples are much easier to obtain the probability samples.
True
Sampling individuals who are readily available is what kind of sampling?
Convenience sampling
When an interviewee suggests another potential interviewee, this sampling is called?
snow-ball sampling
Self-selected respondents are apart of what sample?
volunteer sample
A special case of volunteered sampling is ____________________, for example participants may enter information on a web map.
volunteered geographic information
For big data, issues of relevance and validity depend on the big three; _________, _____________, and ___________.
volume, velocity and variety
Data selectively favors one fraction of the population, rather than representing the who is what kind of bias?
selection bias
The Census suggests that the Coefficient of Variation, to test for reliability of estimates should be no greater than ___________% to allow for reliable data interpretation.
15%
What kind of bias is a pervasive human trade that refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding actions, decisions, in an unconscious manner.
Implicit bias
True/False: Implicit Biases can be gradually unlearned through specific techniques.
True
Errors in population parameter, size, and standard error are examples of what ______________
sampling error
Convenience sampling and volunteer sampling is an example of what kind of sampling?
Non-probability sampling
Random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling is an example of what kind of sampling?
Probability sampling
Every Xth person selected from a list starting at a random chosen point, is an example of what kind of sample?
Systematic
Democrat v. Republican sampling is an example of what kind of sampling?
Stratified sampling
Dependent variable is located on which axis?
y-axis
Independent variable is located on which axis?
x-axis
In a histogram, if the “hump” of the data is on the left of the graph, what direction is the data skewed in?
Skewed right
In explaining number of trips at different times of day, what variable is the number of trip?
Dependent variable
In explaining the number of trips at different times of day, what variable is the time of day?
Independent variable.
Which ACS estimate is primarily for the data collection of areas 65,000+ and best used when analyzing larger populations
1-Year Estimate
Which ACS estimate is primarily for the data collection of all areas and best when analyzing very small populations?
5-year estimate
True/False: The 1-yr ACS estimate is more reliable than the 5-yr ACS
False
In the 2010 Census, which region grew the fasts?
The south
What is the smallest census geography
Block
Densely settled areas with population of 50,000 or more is?
Urbanized Area
Typically, what is the population size of a block?
100 people
This census geography is located within the same census tract and has a population of about 1,500 people.
Block group
This census geography covers the entire USA and has a population size of about 4,000 people.
Census Tract
In small towns and rural areas, which projection method works best?
Linear projection
In new communities and towns, which projection method works best?
Exponential method
In built out city or county, with small infill development, which projection method works best?
Modified exponential method
If a LQ is less than 1 what does it mean?
The local industry needs to import product to meet needs.
What if an LQ is at 1?
The local industry is just meeting it’s needs.
What if an LQ is over 1?
The local industry has more employment than the nation, and will likely export the goods or services outside the county.
What years are the years of the baby boomers?
1946 through 1964
What years are the years of the millennials?
1980 through 1994
