Major American Planning Movements (Day 1) Flashcards
Which movement believed that creating beautiful cities would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives?
City Beautiful Movement
Who was a prominent figure in the City Beautiful movement?
Daniel Burnham
Which years were the most prominent during the City Beautiful movement?
Late 1800s and early 1900s
What was the first model civic center, created by Daniel Burnham in Chicago for the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893.
White City
What was the name of the plan that was another example of City Beautiful for Washington D.C., which sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s 1791 Plan for Washington and restore the city to civic greatness.
McMillian Plan of 1901
Downtown civic centers is related to which movement?
City Beautiful
A _____________ is self-contained, with a population of 32,000 people and a land area of 6,000 acres. It can house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas.
Garden City
Who is a prominent figure of the Garden City movement?
Ebenezer Howard.
_________________ was authored by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 and later reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. It explained the principles behind a Garden City.
To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
In a Garden City, land ownership is held by whom?
A corporation
Where was the first garden city?
Letchworth, UK.
Where was the first garden city in the U.S. but failed and became a planned community?
Sunnyside Gardens, NY.
Who devised a plan for 1,202 housing units in Sunnyside Gardens, NY, which was originally meant to be a garden city but ended up being a planned community.
Clarence Stein
Where was the first successful garden city in the U.S.?
Radburn, NJ
Who were the designers of Radburn, NJ?
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright.
______________ was a reaction against the City Beautiful movement, which was seen as overly focused on beauty and not sufficiently concerned with the matters of function and efficiency.
The City Efficient (City Scientific Movement)
When was the City Beautiful movement openly denounced?
1901 at the first planning conference
_______________ movement arose in the 1930s following the Great Depression, with a primary concern on housing and jobs.
City Humane
In 1935, President Roosevelt established _________________?
The Resettlement Administration
What was the Resettlement Administration responsible for?
Greenbelt Town Programs
What were the three cities that were developed in the Greenbelt Town Program?
Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; Greenbelt, MD
Following WWII, Great Britain passed the _______________ in 1946, which led to the development of more than a dozen new communities based on Ebenezer Howard’s ideas.
New Towns Act
What was the primary reason that Garden Cities failed?
Most lacked industry and true city centers and eventually became residential suburbs
Where was the first New Town?
Park Forest, IL
_____________ movement was developed during the 1940s, coincident with the growth of the military and post-war industrialization. It emphasized administrative efficiency.
City Function Movement.
