Research Flashcards
The independent variable is…
The variable that is manipulated by the researcher to witness it’s effect on the D.V.
(The treatment/intervention used)
What is the dependent variable?
The measure of behaviour
What does internal validity refer to?
An experiment has high internal validity it convincingly demonstrates the I.V. caused the effect on the D.V.
When does an experiment have high external validity?
When it’s findings can be generalised to other people, places, behaviours or treatments
The 3 purposes of science are:
1) Description
2) Prediction
3) Control
Descriptive research:
Research aimed at gathering current info about an area of interest
Case studies are an example of ___ research
Descriptive
Name 4 common descriptive research strategies
Case study; naturalistic observation; archival research; survey research
Correlational research:
Research that determines the relationship between variables
Correlations help us describe the ____ and ____ of the relationship between two variables
Strength; direction
Experimental:
The controlled manipulation of variables to show cause and effect
The most commonly used experimental designs are:
Group designs
An experimental design that compares large ____ of Ps to determine the effects of I.V.s on D.V.s is known as
Group designs
What is the procedure in conducting a group design?
Randomly Assign Ps to groups: some experimental, some control.
What experimental design uses fewer Ps (not divided into groups) to determine IV on DV?
Single subject designs
How do you conduct a single subject designs?
Take a baseline of the DV, then apply the IV and measure the DV again
How can you determine whether the IV has changed the DV in single subject designs? (design)
Using a reversal design (ABAB)
How does an ABAB design show the effect of the IV on the DV?
Systematically removes the IV, which returns the behaviour to the baseline. If the behavioural change lessens then increases.
multiple baseline design:
Design that shows the effect of the IV by staggering its implementation across people, settings or behaviours
Give an example of a situation in which the reversal-replication design cannot be used
Where self harming is concerned
When the behaviour has been ‘trapped’
When the learned behaviour is permanent
In a multiple-baseline-across-behaviour design the researcher…
Records baselines across several behaviours and introduces behaviours sequentially across these behaviours
Give 3 limitations to a multiple-baseline-across-behaviour design
•behaviour may not be independent: change across behaviour •may not find >1 suitable behaviour •if procedure used on 1 person then internal validity applies only to them
In a multiple-baseline-across-situations design…
The researchers establishes baselines for behaviour across several situations an implementing treatment to each situation sequentially
Give a limitation to multiple-baseline-across-situations
If stimulus generalisation across situations occurs behaviour will occur in situation it hasn’t been taught in
In a multiple-baseline-across-people deign, the researcher…
Establishes baselines for different Ps then introduces treatment sequentially across people
Give one advantage to multiple-baseline-across-people design
It convincingly demonstrates effect of IV on DV
Has ecological validity
