research Flashcards
purpose is to discover answers to questions through the scientific procedures
research
This study describes the characteristics of an individual/situation/group. Ex narrative case studies
Descriptive studies
this study is to test a statement about the causal relationship between variables
testing causal hypotheses
this is a conjectural statement (prediction) of the relation between two or more variables
hypothesis
this study’s purpose is to determine the way in which something is associated with something else.
correlation studies
correlation implies association, ____causation
not
This study focuses on gaining familiarity with phenomenon to gain new insights to formulate a more precise research problem or develop a hypothses
exploratory or formulative studies
cause
independent variable
effect
dependent vairable
this variable is manipulatedcontrolled by the experimenter
independent
the treatment is the _________ variable and the outcome is the _________ variable
independent; dependent
This design compares a control group (no treatment group) with experimental group.
Experimental group design
Compares variable before and after treatment.
AB
pre-post design.
difficult to rule out alternative causes of change
this design studies single individual treatment.
Baseline, treatment, withdraw of treatment
Single subject design
ABA
In some cases is it unethical to complete a single subject design?
Yes, as it allows to withdraw treatment and if patient is at risk for harm this could be a problem.
In a crisis are you able to establish a baseline?
NO, you would not delay treatment to find a baseline
can you get the same answers repeatedly
reliability;
are we measuring what we think we are measuring?
accuracy
valididty
can results be generalized to other groups, settings, or times
external validity
did the experimental treatments make a difference in this instance?
internal validity
this describes the data
descriptive statistics
generalizations are made about a population by studying a subset or sample
inferential statistics
ANOVA, t-test, chi square
test of statistical significance difference between sample means
t-test
test of statistical significance that measures the difference between observed frequencies and expected frequencies due to chance. Values less that .05 are statistically signifiant
chi square
This scale categories have logical order and are scaled according to the amount of the particular characteristic they posess
ordinal scale
ordering football teams according to number of games won, arranging students according to height
This scale classifies objects into catagories
nominal scale
this scale allows differences between various levels of the categories on any part of the scale to have the same differences. Zero=is just another point of the scale
Interval scale
Fahrenheight
equal differences in the characteristic are represented by equal differences in the number assigned to the categories. Zero= absence of the characteristic.
Ratio scale
miles per hour, weight, length
Each individual within a population has an equal chance of being selected for the study and all members of the sample or selected independently of one another
Random sampling
True or False: True experiments must have random assignment of subjects
True
Occurs when individuals selected for the study are assigned to experimental or control groups according to chance
random assignment
This results from the collection of evidence in such a way that one alternative answer to a question is favored over another.
Bias
True or False: in test administration bias occurs when experimenters administer the test differently.
True
no difference or no relationship between the variables tested
null hypothosis
probability that difference is due to chance
p> .05
level of significance; statistical significance
This type of research examines previous methods which helps to design interventions they want to test.
developmental research
Thomas believes ______________________ may be the single most appropriate model of research for SW as it uses methods directed explicitly towards analysis, development and evaluation of the means by which SW objectives are achieved.
Devlopmental research
True or False It is important for a SW to know the stages of research in order to determine credibility of research and how to evaluate each stage.
True
- Problem formulation
- Research measurement design
- Data analysis
stages of research process
problem statement definition of concepts specification of hypotheses statement of assumptions These all need to be clarified under what stage of research?
Problem formulation
This type of research seeks to describe actual events as they occur. They look at observations and/or interviews.
Qualitative: it is difficult to show reliability and validity in this type of research.
This research design focuses on a number of people (family, larger systems) how have experienced a similar event.
Group design
This type of design looks at an individual person/event and can follow the scientific method.
single case design
This type of design is used when very little is known about the subject
exploratory design
This design must have an independent variable, other variables are measured so that their effects can be accounted for or that such variables are the same in all subjects. The subjects must be randomly selected
explanatory design
The task of the _________ is to select a design that is appropriate for the hypotheses that was proposed and that all results occur as a result of the experimental manipulation rather than a result of other events
researcher
This is used to determine what the relationship is likely to be among several variables
inferential statistics
- how to collect data
- what instrument to use
3 how to code and analyze data
4 how to relate the data to the original problem
These are questions relating to __________?
research measurement design
