Direct and Indirect Practice/Psychotherapy and Clinical Practice Flashcards
What are the 7 steps to the Problem-solving process
Engagement Gather information assessing/diagnosis goal setting intervention evaluation termination
What are the 6 stages of the referral process
- clarifying need or purpose
- Researching resources
- Discussing and selecting options with client
- Planning for the initial contact
- Initial contact between client and referral source.
- Follow up to see if need was met.
The dynamic interaction of the components and the interaction among the parts of the system.
systems theory (social casework model)
steady state order necessary for movement
homeostasis
intake from environement
input
amount of something produced and put out into the environement
output
processing the input/using
throughput
no energy form the outside, using up its own energy and expiring
entropy
counteracting entropy, successful use of available energy
negative entropy
capacity to receive identical results from different initial condition
equifinality
when output from systems is put back into the system
feedback
This theory focuses on the inter relatedness between people and their environment. It is holistic and transaction and looks at the “degree of fit” between person and environment
Egological/Life Systems Model
social casework model
the ongoing circular exchange with his/her environment in with both are acted upon and influenced by the other in an ongoing relationship
transnational relationship
this theory focuses on the interface between client and client’s environement
Ecological/Life Systems Theory
social casework model
goodness of fit with the environment; the balance between individual’s rights, needs, goals, with their social and physical environment. It is a continuous process
Adaptedness
status occupied by an individual or group within a given social system
niche
and individual’s physical and social setting
habitat
environmental demand perceived as challenge and associated wtih positive feelings
positive stress
discrepancy between demand and capacity for coping with it and associated with negative feelings
negative stress
psychological, physiological, and behavioral response that is set in motion as a result of the experience of emotional stress. Effective patterns lead to elimination of stress
coping
This theory is based on growth residing with the center of change in the client. “helping” rather than treating, uses structure, de-emphasize diagnosis Client and clinician enter the relationship with lack of knowledge about how it will turn out. They discover it together.
Functional approach (social casework model)
This theory has a defined time, uses interventions from learning theory and behavior modification to complete a task (assess, set goals, define tasks). It’s aim is to engage clients in problem-solving process (as long as they are willing) explore the problem and circumstances around the problem than to id specific tasks to focus on resolving the problem
planned short-term or task centered treatment
social casework model
This approach looks at why a person is having difficulty coping with a problem give them motivation by minimizing anxiety and fears and promoting their capacities for coping all the while providing opportunities and resources. (Person, problem, place, process)
Problem Solving Approach
social casework model
This approach looks at the client in context of interactions and transactions with external world. a formal medical, psychological and social history is obtained
Psycho social Approach
social casework model
This theory sees people as a product of their past and involves dealing with repressed material in the unconscious.
psychoanalytic theory (psychodynamic model)
unconscious source of motive and drives, immediate gratification
id
logic and reason, mediates between id, superego, reality
ego
incorporates societal values and standards into personality
superego
early years of childhood is extremely important in personality develeopment
genetic principle
trys to understand the individual in terms of conflicts between id, ego, superego (unresolved conflict creates anxiety)
dynamic principle
3 layers of mental activity; unconscious, precociousness, conscious
structural model
functioning of mind and ideas are not random; all thoughts, feelings, behaviors are believed to be related to prior experience and ecents
determinism
behavior/thoughts.attitude are viewed as acceptable and consistent with total personality
ego syntonic
behavior/thoughts/attitude are viewed as repugnant or inconsistent with total personality
ego dystonic
investment of energy
cathexis
libidinal energy is invested in a different organ system at each stage
stages of psycho sexual development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
the primary technique of __________ psychotherapy is analysis
psychoanalytic
To get through a stage one has to go through 4 processes
- clarification 2. confrontation 3 interpretation 4 working through goal to resolve intrapsychic conflict
The focus of this theory is on rational, conscious processes of the ego and develops personality throughout the life cycle. It is based on the person in the present (here and now)
ego psychology
Erik Erikson
The goal of this theory is to maintain and enhance the ego’s control and management of reality stress and effects
ego psychology
This theory believes that individuals have a single drive/motivation behind all their behavior and that motivation is “striving for perfection”.
individual psychology
Alfred Adler
When children experience a sense of perceived or real weakness, they develop ____________________ for which they compensate adaptively (working hard to become good at something else) or maladaptively (overcompensate by striving for superiority and power over others)
Feelings of inferiority
This idea result of disrupted or unmet developmental needs and defines the self as the central organizing and motivating force in personality. It is used to help an individual develop a greater sense of self cohesion. Through therapeutic regression the patient re-experiences frustrated self object needs
self psychology (psychodynamic model)
This theory’s main desire is to belong and feel significant. This is done by developing a lifestyle by overcoming feelings of inferiority and self-centeredness to contribute more towards the welfare of others.
individual psychology
Alfred Adler
If we are encouraged we feel capable and appreciative and act in a connected way. When discouraged we act in an unhealthy way by competing and withdrawing
individual psychology
Alfred Adler
This can be determined by early life factors such as birth order and being either pampered or neglected by parents
lifestyle
one person copies another person, validates the child’s sense of a perfect self (how to cope with reality)
mirroring
Kohut self psychology
person attributes exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others (healthy narcissism)
Idealization
Kohut self psychology
______ are external objects that function as part of the “self machinery” - ‘i.e., objects which are not experienced as separate and independent from the self.’[13] They are persons, objects or activities that “complete” the self, and which are necessary for normal functioning.
Self Objects
Mirroring, idealization, twinship
Kohut self psychology
child needs an alter ego for a sense of belonging
Alter Ego/Twinship:
the goal of this therapy is to provide the opportunity to develop a sense of self where they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected.
rogerian counseling/person or client centered therapy
humanistic/existential models
For therapeutic change the _______ must have
unconditional positive regard
accurate empathy
congruence/therapeutic genuiness
Therapist
For therapeutic change the ________must have
in-congruence (aware of hurting and wants to do something about it)
perception of the therapists’ conditions (able to recognize and accept therapist’s efforts to reach him)
engage in self exploration: self-disclosure, exploration of the self, self-awareness
Client
This theory is a process-orientated approach, which focuses on awareness, wholeness, contact, and self regulation. It integrates mind, body, thoughts, and actions. It focuses on the here and now. The therapist deals directly with the current observations and helps the client to become aware of themselves through taking responsibility through thoughts feelings and actions and help develop good contact skills
Gesalt Therapy (humanistic/existential models)
What therapy are these characteristics of?
- doesn’t believe in repression
- pays attention to the obvious
- dramatization is key to the approach (empty chair, role plays etc)
- everything is dealt with in the here and now, directed awareness
Gestalt Therapy (humanistic/existential models)
There are how many ego states?
Three, parent adult, child
This theory focuses on the ego states and the idea that humans are social creatures and that a person is a multi-faceted being that changes when in contact with another person in their world.
Transactional Analysis.
humanistic/existential models
4 life positions: I’m OK, you’re OK, I’m not OK, you’re not OK, I’m Ok, you’re not Ok, I’m not OK and you’re not OK
Transactional Analysis (humanistic/existential models)
individuals receive tokens as reinforcement for specified behaviors, the tokens can be used towards rewards
token economy
removal of opportunity to obtain positive reinforcement
time out
cognitive behavior modification in which client learns to make task=relevant self instructions that guide behavior and reduce anxiety and increase problem solving behavior
self-instuctional training
procedure for delaying ejaulation
squeeze technique
treatment that involves a couple providing each other with pleasurable sensory stimulation through body massage/pleasuring. This is paired with relaxation and graded sexual contact in order to desensitize couples to performance anxiety
sensate focus
Masters and Johnson
cognitive oriented therapy in which client’s irrational beliefs are changed through argument, persuasion, rational reevaluation, and teaching the client to counter self-defeating thinking with new non distressing self-statements
rational emotive therapy (RET)
an agreement between people that specifies behavior change and lists consequences if it doesn’t happen
contingency contract
used to teach people how to express positive and negative feelings and to stand up for their rights in ways that will not alienate others
assertiveness training
individual demonstrating behavior to be acquired
modeling
anxiety is extinguished by prolonged imaginal or in vivo exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli
flooding
treatment aimed at reducing attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by repeated pairing of it with aversion stimulation. i.e treating alcoholism with antabuse
aversion therapy
pairing movement through anxiety hierarchy from least to most anxiety provoking situations. takes place in “real” setting
in vivo desensitization
anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxing producing response so that the anxiety-producing stimulus produces a relaxation response.
systematic desensitization
withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior to reduce the behavior
extinction
gradually chaining one stimulus controlling a behavior to another stimulus
fading
removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for purpose of decreasing or elimination that behavior
negative punishment (taking desert away)
presenting undesirable stimulus following a behavior for purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior ( being shocked for hitting)
positive punishment
behavior increases because negative stimulus is removed
negative reinforcement
increases the probability that behavior will occur. stimulus is given for wanted beahvior
positive reinforcement
Paradigm that involves antecedent, behavior, consequences. Behaviors can be changed by manipulating the consequences.
operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
stimulus-response approach to behavior.
pairs previously conditioned stimulus with unconditional stimulus
Respondent or Classical conditiong
(pavlov)
uncon stim (food) –} uncon resp (salivating)
uncon stim+cond stim (bell)–} uncon resp
cond stim (bell)–] cond resp (salivating)
this theory believes that behaviors determine feelings and changing behaviors will change feelings. It focuses on analysis and treatment of behaviors.
Behavior Modification
involuntary behavior that is automatically triggered by a certain behavior. A stimulus= response
Respondent
voluntary behavior that is controlled by consequences in environment
operant
This theory involves constructing a “story” to make sense out of life experiences. The goal is to deconstruct these stories to understand their lives and to discover new realities and truths for themselves
narrative therapy
This theory believes that emotion and behavioral dysfunction is the result of mistake beliefs and faulty patterns of thought.
Cognitive therpay
This theory helps clients identify, evaluate, and change dysfunctional thinking patterns that impair their ability to effectively function
Cognitive therapy
This approach meets the requirements of managed care companies; brief treatment, defined techniques, goal and problem orientated, and evidence of it’s effectiveness
cognitive-behavior therapy
this treatment looks at the irrational beliefs and the chain of events. External event–} Irrational Belief–} emotion/behvaior
Rational Emotive Therapy RET, ELLIS
this treatment explains depression by 3 concepts
- cognitive triad; negative view of self, future, and negative interpretation of ongoing experiences
- schemas (stable, cognitive patterns)
- cognitive errors or faulty information processing
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
BECK
Is it possible to use behavior training to teach a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, BP, temp?
Yes, biofeedback.
ADHD and Panic disorder
This treatment is short 6-20 sessions, it focuses on the present and the patient is responsible for change. Termination is discussed form the beginning
Brief therapy
The focus of this treatment is on interpersonal interactions, social roles and how the family works together. It’s goal is to change the pattern of pathological communication and behaviors to be more functional.
Family Therapy
These are characteristics of ________?
Flexibility, consistent structure, effective exchange of information
a healthy family
This approach to family therapy feels that problems are a result of fusion among family members due to inadequate individuation
Multigenerational/Intergenerational
Murray Bowen
2 people bringing a 3rd into the relationship to lessen the difficulties of the initial dyad. (Forming allies)
Triangualation
This theory focuses on the family organization and establishing boundaries and the rules for determining who does what, where and when.
Structural Family Therapy
Salvador Minuchin
True or False: Boundaries are important in family therapy because:
- interpersonal boundaries define individual family members yet promote differences in interdependent functioning
- boundaries with the outside world are important as they must be permeable and allow exchanges with the social world.
- hierarchical boundaries as they differentiate between parent and child roles and rights and obligations.
True.
This treatment makes implicit rules explicit and uses “in vivo” therapeutic experience to help family members overcome their fear of change. It establishes roles of family members: placater, blamer, leveler, distracter.
communication/Interaction family therapy
Virginia Satir.
This treatment’s goal is to solve the problem that is presented through relabeling, re framing, directives, paradoxical instructions to achieve specific behaviorally defined objects.
Strategic Family Therapy: Jay Haley
This approach integrates psychoanalytic, object relations, and family systems theories. It’s goal is to help clients achieve greater harmony between individual and family needs.
Psychodynamic Approach
Ackerman
This approach is based on social learning theory and exchange theory. Behavior is learned and maintained by contingencies in the individual’s social environment. The goal is to teach family members effective ways of dealing with each other by changing the consequences of the behavior and altering the reinforcements.
Behavioral Family Therapy Approach
The goal of this therapy is to enhance social functioning
social group work; group therapy
With this type of therapy the worker focuses on each member to change their environment through interpersonal experience. They focus on the conscious thoughts.
Group therapy
the focus of _____________is treatment of pathology or illness
group psychotherapy
These are stages of ________________.
- pre-affiliation- development of trust (forming)
- power and control- struggles for individual autonomy and group identification. (storming)
- intimacy- utilizing self in service of the group (norming)
- differentiation- acceptance of each other as individuals (performing)
- separation-termination- independence (adjourning
group development
True or False: Clients in crisis, suicidal people, those wtih compulsive need for attention, paranoid and actively psychotic are good people to attend groups.
False; they are not good for groups
when the group discusses and comes to a more extreme dominant position than any member would come to on their own.
group polarization
all members think alike to maintain the sense of “we-ness” and members fail to critically think and consider other options and results in poor decision
group think
the goal of this treatment is to alleviate stress and mobilize psychological capabilities ans social resources. It is time limited
crisis intervention
True or False: During a crisis it is difficult for a person to be effective at functioning or making good choices and decisions.
True: People are more open to influence and correction. They reach a point of either coping adapting or maladaptively.
This treatment requires high levels of activity and involvement form the therapist. Specific goals and tasks are set to increase the client’s sense of mastery and control.
Crisis intervention
this is a preventive measure to help people prepare for handling future stresses and crises by planning coping strategies.
anticipatory guidance
the “last straw” in a series of events that exceed the client’s ability to cope. It does not need to be a major event.
Precipitating event of crisis
_________ are the part people play as members of a social group.
social roles: With each social role you adopt, your behavior changes to fit the expectations both you and others have of that role.
______ results when different roles conflict or when the role expectations assigned by others differs from one’s own.
Role discomplementarity
________ is when the role is carried out the way it is expected by role partners.
Role complementarity
roles for which no place has been made in the social system and it lacks regularized expectations
role ambiguity
_______ the extent to which an individual believes that life events are under their own control (internal) or under control of external forces (external)
Locus of control
____________________ focuses on understanding clients on the basis of their strengths and resources and mobilizing them to improve their situation.
Strengths perspective
These protective factor’s help foster ______________.
- the presence of one caring and supportive person can determine whether a child overcomes an adverse circumstance. love, trust, and connectedness.
- expectations that convey a belief that a person can rise to the challenge (respect, challenge, structure)
- opportunities to participate and contribute (belonging, power, meaning)
Resilience
Resilience can be developed naturally but it can also be ____________. The focus of the program should be creating opportunities to experience connection, belonging, trust, and meaning.
learned
These are characteristics of which phase of helping.
- engagement, assessment, planning
- discussing negative feelings brought into therapy
Beginning Phase
These are characteristics of which phase of helping?
- implement change plan and work towards goals
- treatments used to create change could be to modify thoughts, modify actions, or to intervene with systems
- advocacy and being a mediator also helps with change
Middle Phase
These are characteristics of which phase of helping?
- evaluate goal achievement,
- work towards ending relationships (termination)
- plan for steps client can take without the social worker
Ending phase
__________________arises when a person has to choose between two contradictory attitudes and beliefs.
Cognitive Dissonance. It can be reduced by reducing the importance of the beliefs, acquiring new beliefs that change the balance or removing the conflicting attitude.
This idea focuses o individuals, groups, and organizations engaging in planned action to influence social problems. It involves planning and organizing on a large scale.
community organization.
Preventing a problem before initial onset by reducing the incidence of new cases, creating environments that promote mental health.
primary prevention
reducing the duration through early detection and intervention. To prevent recurrence or exacerbation of an already diagnosed problem or disorder.
secondary prevention
reduce duration of probables by reducing negative after effects
Tertiary prevention
- acknowledge the problem
- define the problem
- brainstorm
- evaluate options
- implement option of choice
6 evalute the outcome
What process is this?
Problem solving process
