Republic Zone

Question 1

where was there/wasnt there revolutionary activity

Answer 1

barcelona - anarchism
malaga - anarchism, communist, socialist
moderate left areas, a little
basque/north areas, not much at all

Question 2

what cultural/social changes happened

Answer 2

usted form abandoned
dress in workers clothes - proletarisation of fashion
greet people with a clenched fist
sneezing - say salud rather than jesus

Question 3

who was the violence mainly against

Answer 3

people that represented the rebel side/could be seen as being on the rebel side
caciques, landowners, business owners, police, military

Question 4

whats a fifth column

Answer 4

mola - summer of 1936 broadcast that they had a fifth column in madrid (four columns advancing towards it)
rebels inside the city waiting to rise up, cause havoc
left you wondering who you can trust

Question 5

percentage of deaths when

Answer 5

over 90% of deaths in republican zone happened before december 1936

Question 6

how many people died in republican zone

Answer 6

50,000

franco commissioned a study in 1940, so pretty accurate.

Question 7

what were political uncontrollables

Answer 7

people released from prison, anarchists

allows state to blame the people, not their fault

Question 8

number of religious people killed

Answer 8

6-7,000

Question 9

what rumours were there about religious people

Answer 9

nuns giving children poisoned sweets

priests shooting from bell towers, stocking churches and giving weapons to rebels

Question 10

what makes the church so visible as a target

Answer 10

church biggest buiding - architectural dominance
has command of public spaces during funerals, weddings, festivals
dress is visual

Question 11

what sort of things were done to priests

Answer 11

digging up of corpses and displaying them in the street
public humiliation - walk through streets naked
corpses of pregnant nuns
very little sexual violence

Question 12

what were the social experiments done in some areas

Answer 12

mass collectivisation of land, factories, transport, utilities
abolished money
requisition private properties - eg turn churches into schools, canteens
some areas, give everyone a little bit of land

Question 13

what was the war vs revolution debate

Answer 13

split in republic as to whether to try to win the war first or worry about setting up a good society.
communist party wanted to win war first

Question 14

what happened in the may days

Answer 14

1937
revolutionaries hear rumour state is going to reign in activities
assault by civil guards on telephone exchange
anarchists and POUM strike, operate key parts of city to defend against state
mini civil war, state wins.

Question 15

death/injury toll of may days

Answer 15

estimate 500 dead and 1000 injured

Question 16

changing of gender roles

Answer 16

female fighters?
attempt to ban prostitution
women coopted into parts of the economy eg trams and trains
anarchists attempt to abolish marriage - free love

Question 17

what happened with the cars and traffic lights

Answer 17

requisitioned cars - for committee to take things to the front, for joyrides
smashed up traffic lights

Question 18

why did they requistion cars and destroy traffic lights

Answer 18

up till 1936 only very wealthy owned cars
traffic lights represent a reordering of space for vehicles (wealthy) and make it less easy for pedestrians (poor) to walk
a taking back of public space for the poor
cars also seen as ultimate expression of individualism and privilege

Question 19

what were female militias called

Answer 19

milicianas - but mostly propaganda

graham

Question 20

no of refugees in catalonia

Answer 20

by end of 1936, 350,000 refugees, increased population by 10%
(graham)

Question 21

what were checas

Answer 21

illegal prisons - appeared after july 1936. eradicated as state got back in control, but reoccured in may 1937
(graham)

Question 22

when was private catholic worship allowed again

Answer 22

summer 1937

Question 23

how does alpert characterise the republican militia in first few weeks of war

Answer 23

enthusiasm, heterogeneity and military inefficiency

Question 24

how many people were in the militia

Answer 24

80,000 at their height
30,000 on aragon front
(alpert)

Question 25

what were the classes of conscripts called up

Answer 25

overall, 27 classes called up
in 1939, even going back as far as 1915 in desperation
(alpert)

Question 26

how many clergy died in august 1936

Answer 26

2,077 - an average of nearly 70 a day

vincent

Question 27

psychological reason for violence against clergy - vincent

Answer 27

purification, a purge
ritual violence of iconoclasts an exposure of things hidden
rumours and actions acted as metaphors for social and ideological power of church on children, women and the family.

Question 28

what happened in village of loro del río after coup

Answer 28

19th july - people wearing party badges, guns
food requisitioned and handed out - some people never seen the colour of cooked meat
right wingers and landowners jailed

Question 29

unions improved conditions in barcelona

Answer 29

improved working conditions - eg 80-90 shops closed as not enough light
women got the vote, abortion legalised

Question 30

what happened in madrid after badajoz and first air bombs

Answer 30

took political prisoners out and began shooting them

azana and prieto said it could lose them the war

Question 31

what was the slogan in madrid

Answer 31

no pasaran

Question 32

what were the military targets/reasons for bombing guernica and did they hit them

Answer 32

small arms factory and bridge on way from frontline to bilbao
but missed main targets and machine gunned people running away

Question 33

what was the rebels response to guernica

Answer 33

arrived in guernica 72 hours after bombing

tried to blame basques for it - arsonists, petrol next to churches.

Question 34

what was republic side like for women?

Answer 34

could vote
discriminatory laws abolished
divorce legalised
some women were fighting.

Question 35

example of bujaraloz

Answer 35

in aragon
14,000 peasants collectivised 11,000 hectares of land
9000 wheat, 2000 pasture
crop of 2,150,000 kilos valued at 7000 pesetas
money abolished, surplus wheat used instead
ration cards
food set aside for vulnerable
in nyt 1937

Question 36

how many people were given diplomatic asylum

how many priests were given diplomatic asylum

Answer 36

11,000 people

394 clergy

Question 37

how many clergy victims did madrid have

Answer 37

435, 38.8% of clergy

highest of all dioceses

Question 38

what did the chilean ambassador see

Answer 38

23rd sept 1936, saw shooting of 6 priests on road to alicante