Republic Zone Flashcards
where was there/wasnt there revolutionary activity
barcelona - anarchism
malaga - anarchism, communist, socialist
moderate left areas, a little
basque/north areas, not much at all
what cultural/social changes happened
usted form abandoned
dress in workers clothes - proletarisation of fashion
greet people with a clenched fist
sneezing - say salud rather than jesus
who was the violence mainly against
people that represented the rebel side/could be seen as being on the rebel side
caciques, landowners, business owners, police, military
whats a fifth column
mola - summer of 1936 broadcast that they had a fifth column in madrid (four columns advancing towards it)
rebels inside the city waiting to rise up, cause havoc
left you wondering who you can trust
percentage of deaths when
over 90% of deaths in republican zone happened before december 1936
how many people died in republican zone
50,000
franco commissioned a study in 1940, so pretty accurate.
what were political uncontrollables
people released from prison, anarchists
allows state to blame the people, not their fault
number of religious people killed
6-7,000
what rumours were there about religious people
nuns giving children poisoned sweets
priests shooting from bell towers, stocking churches and giving weapons to rebels
what makes the church so visible as a target
church biggest buiding - architectural dominance
has command of public spaces during funerals, weddings, festivals
dress is visual
what sort of things were done to priests
digging up of corpses and displaying them in the street
public humiliation - walk through streets naked
corpses of pregnant nuns
very little sexual violence
what were the social experiments done in some areas
mass collectivisation of land, factories, transport, utilities
abolished money
requisition private properties - eg turn churches into schools, canteens
some areas, give everyone a little bit of land
what was the war vs revolution debate
split in republic as to whether to try to win the war first or worry about setting up a good society.
communist party wanted to win war first
what happened in the may days
1937
revolutionaries hear rumour state is going to reign in activities
assault by civil guards on telephone exchange
anarchists and POUM strike, operate key parts of city to defend against state
mini civil war, state wins.
death/injury toll of may days
estimate 500 dead and 1000 injured
changing of gender roles
female fighters?
attempt to ban prostitution
women coopted into parts of the economy eg trams and trains
anarchists attempt to abolish marriage - free love
what happened with the cars and traffic lights
requisitioned cars - for committee to take things to the front, for joyrides
smashed up traffic lights
why did they requistion cars and destroy traffic lights
up till 1936 only very wealthy owned cars
traffic lights represent a reordering of space for vehicles (wealthy) and make it less easy for pedestrians (poor) to walk
a taking back of public space for the poor
cars also seen as ultimate expression of individualism and privilege
what were female militias called
milicianas - but mostly propaganda
graham
no of refugees in catalonia
by end of 1936, 350,000 refugees, increased population by 10%
(graham)
what were checas
illegal prisons - appeared after july 1936. eradicated as state got back in control, but reoccured in may 1937
(graham)
when was private catholic worship allowed again
summer 1937
how does alpert characterise the republican militia in first few weeks of war
enthusiasm, heterogeneity and military inefficiency
how many people were in the militia
80,000 at their height
30,000 on aragon front
(alpert)
what were the classes of conscripts called up
overall, 27 classes called up
in 1939, even going back as far as 1915 in desperation
(alpert)
how many clergy died in august 1936
2,077 - an average of nearly 70 a day
vincent
psychological reason for violence against clergy - vincent
purification, a purge
ritual violence of iconoclasts an exposure of things hidden
rumours and actions acted as metaphors for social and ideological power of church on children, women and the family.
what happened in village of loro del río after coup
19th july - people wearing party badges, guns
food requisitioned and handed out - some people never seen the colour of cooked meat
right wingers and landowners jailed
unions improved conditions in barcelona
improved working conditions - eg 80-90 shops closed as not enough light
women got the vote, abortion legalised
what happened in madrid after badajoz and first air bombs
took political prisoners out and began shooting them
azana and prieto said it could lose them the war
what was the slogan in madrid
no pasaran
what were the military targets/reasons for bombing guernica and did they hit them
small arms factory and bridge on way from frontline to bilbao
but missed main targets and machine gunned people running away
what was the rebels response to guernica
arrived in guernica 72 hours after bombing
tried to blame basques for it - arsonists, petrol next to churches.
what was republic side like for women?
could vote
discriminatory laws abolished
divorce legalised
some women were fighting.
example of bujaraloz
in aragon
14,000 peasants collectivised 11,000 hectares of land
9000 wheat, 2000 pasture
crop of 2,150,000 kilos valued at 7000 pesetas
money abolished, surplus wheat used instead
ration cards
food set aside for vulnerable
in nyt 1937
how many people were given diplomatic asylum
how many priests were given diplomatic asylum
11,000 people
394 clergy
how many clergy victims did madrid have
435, 38.8% of clergy
highest of all dioceses
what did the chilean ambassador see
23rd sept 1936, saw shooting of 6 priests on road to alicante
