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Exotic and Laboratory Animals > Reptiles > Flashcards

Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Superorder and Order of Box Turtle, Red-eared sliders and Tortoises?

A

Chelonia Testudines

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2
Q

What is included in the order Squamata?

A 
Boas
Pythons
King Snakes
Corn Snakes
Gopher snakes
some lizards
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3
Q

Order Crocodilians

A

Crocodiles

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4
Q

Order Rhynchocephalians

A

Tuatara

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5
Q

What studies are snakes used as animal models for?

A 
Venom
Transdermal research 
Ecologic research
Embryology
Natural history research
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6
Q

Why are snakes used in transdermal research?

A

Because there are similarities between humans and snakes

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7
Q

Ectothermic

A

Derive majority of their heat from outside sources

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8
Q

What is the visceral cavity with no diaphragm called?

A

Coelum

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9
Q

What is the hard external plate covering the turtle called?

A

Scutes

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10
Q

What is it called when the reptile sheds its skin?

A

Ecdysis

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11
Q

What are the specialized pigment-containing cells in the skin that allows for changing of colors?

A

Chromatophores

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12
Q

What kind of skull do chelonians have?

A

Anapsid skull

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13
Q

What is an Anapsid skull?

A

No temporal openings

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14
Q

What kind of skulls do other reptiles have?

A

Diapsid skulls

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15
Q

What is a diapsid skull

A

They have temporal openings

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16
Q

What is the snake mandibular symphysis connected with?

A

Ligaments

Not fused

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17
Q

What allows the snake to ingest large prey?

A

The jaws move independently

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18
Q

What increases the mobility of the head and spine of the snake?

A

Flexible spine with single occipital opening

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19
Q

What are snake spurs?

A

Vestigial limbs

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20
Q

Where are the epaxial muscles located on the snake?

A

Ventral to the end of the ribs

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21
Q

What is the dorsal shell of the Chelonians called?

A

Carapace

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22
Q

What is the ventral aspect of the shell of the Chelonians called?

A

Plastron

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23
Q

What do the Hinged plastrons allow box turtles to do?

A

Completely withdraw into the shell to protect them from predators & desiccation

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24
Q

How many digits do most reptiles have on their front and rear feet?

A

5

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25
Q

In most reptiles which is longer, the hindlimbs or forelimbs?

A

Hindlimbs

Water turtles have longer forelimbs

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26
Q

What are reptiles able to do for long periods

A

Survive long periods without breathing

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27
Q

Where is the glottis in turtles & tortoises?

A

Behind the tongue

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28
Q

Where is the glottis located in snakes?

A

the floor of the oral cavity, caudal to the tongue

It is mobile

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29
Q

Do reptiles have vocal cords?

A

No

Hiss and grunt

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30
Q

What are the tracheal rings in the chelonians?

A

Complete

Incomplete in other reptiles

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31
Q

What does the lung look like in snakes and some lizards?

A

Sac-like with one lobe

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32
Q

What kind of lungs do Chelonians and some lizards?

A

Bilobed lungs

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33
Q

What species of reptiles are strictly carnivores?

A

Snakes

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34
Q

What is the Jacobson’s organ?

A

Located in the tongue

Used as scent organ

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35
Q

Why are the salivary glands important in snakes?

A

They release enzymatic secretions which lubricate prey to ease ingestion & aid in digestion

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36
Q

Which species do not have teeth?

A

Chelonians

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37
Q

What do Chelonians have instead of teeth?

A

Tomia

Beak

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38
Q

What do the teeth of venomous species look like?

A

Fang teeth

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39
Q

What do snake teeth look like?

A

Curved backwards

Allows anchoring prey

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40
Q

What does the esophagus of carnivores look like?

A

Thin distensible

Allow for passage of prey

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41
Q

What do the kidneys of turtles and most lizards look like?

A

Oblong and smooth

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42
Q

What kind of kidneys do snakes have?

A

Lobulated kidneys

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43
Q

Where does the excrement of reptiles come out of?

A

Cloaca

Urinary, digestive, reproductive

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44
Q

What is the penis of snakes and lizards called?

A

Hemipenes

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45
Q

All turtles and some reptiles are what reproductively?

A

Oviparous

Lay eggs

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46
Q

What are some lizards and snakes?

A

Viviparous

Give birth to live young

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47
Q

How many chambers does the heart of reptiles have?

A

Three chambers
Two atria
One ventricle

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48
Q

What is divided into three subchambers with muscular ridges as separators?

A

Ventricles

49
Q

Cavum venosum

A

Directs oxygenated blood into the paired aortic arches

50
Q

Cavum pulmonale

A

Receives blood from the right atria into the pulmonary circulation

51
Q

Cavum arteriosum

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins into the cavum venosum

52
Q

What do reptiles have voluntary control over?

A

Opening of the iris

53
Q

Do snakes and lizards have true eyelids?

A

No

54
Q

What defenses do reptiles have?

A 
Death feigning
Tail displays
Squirting blood
Tail autonomy
Color changes
Skin sloughing
Coiling
55
Q

What affects the lizards overall health and should be on a timer

A

Photoperiod.

Artificial light should be on a timer

56
Q

What do lizards need to produce vitmain D

A

Ultraviolet light

57
Q

Why is proper sanitation important when caring for lizards?

A

Because they are carriers of Salmonella

58
Q

How often do carnivores need to eat live prey?

A

7 to 21 days

59
Q

How should you provide water to Arboreal species?

A

Water bowl in tree limbs or misted

60
Q

How do you provide water to desert species?

A

Misted rocks

61
Q

How do you determine the gender in bearded dragons and iguanas?

A

Males have very large femoral pores

62
Q

How do you determine gender in tortoises?

A

Males have a concave plastron

63
Q

How do you determine the gender in turtles?

A

Some male water turtles have elongated nails and brilliant red eyes

64
Q

How do you determine the gender in snakes?

A

Place a thumb on scale where the end of the probe is located

Remove probe and count the number of scales from cloacal opening

65
Q

When giving IM injections in reptiles you need to avoid the renal portal system, so where do you perform an IM injection?

A

Front limbs

66
Q

Where do you perform SQ injections in a reptile?

A

Lateral coelomic body wall

Inguinal or ventral skin fold

67
Q

Where do you perform IV injections in most reptiles?

A

Caudal tail

68
Q

Where do you an IV injection in Chelonians?

A

Jugular

69
Q

What do you use intracoelomic space for?

A

SQ fluids

70
Q

What are common Intravenous catheter site in chelonians?

A

Jugular vein

71
Q

What is a common intravenous site for lizards?

A

Ventral and lateral aspects of the caudal vein

72
Q

What is a common intravenous catheter site in snakes?

A

Ventral aspect of the caudal tail vein

73
Q

How do you administer oral medications in reptiles?

A

Feeding tube or syringe

Chelonians may need an esophagostomy tube

74
Q

What nutritional supplement do you use for carnivores?

A

Oxbow Carnivore Care

75
Q

What nutritional supplementation do you use for Herbivores?

A

Oxbow Critical care

76
Q

What nutritional supplementation do you use for Omnivores?

A

Mix Oxbow Carnivore Care & Oxbow Critical care

77
Q

What nutritional supplementation do you use for insectivores?

A

Meat based baby food

78
Q

What is important when you are anesthetizing reptiles

A

Keep patient warm to enable proper metabolization of the drugs

79
Q

What do snakes lack that makes it easy for intubation?

A

Epiglottis

80
Q

What is used as a common induction agent in reptiles?

A

Propofol

81
Q

What temperature do you need to maintain reptiles at while under ansesthesia?

A

80 and 90 degrees F

82
Q

What radiographic views are recommended for snakes?

A

Dorsoventral

Lateral

83
Q

What radiographic views are recommended for chelonians?

A

Dorsoventral
Craniocaudal
Lateral

84
Q

When evaluating the chelonian respiratory tract, carapace & plastron, which radiographic views are the preferred?

A

Cranicaudal

Lateral

85
Q

What helps when trying to image an active lizard besides ansesthesia?

A

Vagal stimulation

86
Q

What does vagal stimulation do in lizards?

A

Induces a short-term, trance-like state

87
Q

How do you perform vagal stimulation?

A

Apply digital pressure to both eyes for a few seconds

Place cotton balls over the eyes

88
Q

What cannot be used on reptiles with fragile skin when bandaging?

A

Tape

89
Q

What is the percentage of blood that can be taken from a reptile?

A

5% to 8% of total body weight

10% of circulating blood volume

90
Q

Why is heparin tubes preferred when running a biochemistry?

A

Because Plasma yields higher results than serum

91
Q

What are common venipuncture sites in chelonians?

A 
Brachial sinus (Radialhumoral plexus sinus)
Coccygeal vein (Dorsal venous sinus)
Jugular vein
Subcarapacial venous sinus
Femoral vein
92
Q

What are common venipuncture sites in Lizards?

A

Ventral & lateral aspects of the caudal tail vein

Surgical cut down of other veins

93
Q

What are common venipuncture sites of snakes?

A

Heart

Ventral aspect of the caudal tail vein

94
Q

What develop if the reptile is stressed?

A

Infectious diseases

95
Q

What are considered nonpathogenic?

A

Gram positive bacteria

96
Q

What are common gram negative bacteria that may infect reptiles?

A 
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas spp
Aeromonas spp
Citrobacter
Proteus spp
Serratia spp
Klebsiella spp
Enterobacter spp
Yersinia spp
Mycobacterium spp
Pasturella spp
Salmonella spp
97
Q

What ectoparasites affect reptiles?

A

Ticks and mites

Leeches in aquatic reptiles

98
Q

What protozoal endoparasites affect lizards?

A 
Entamoeba
Isospora
Eimeria
Sarcocystis
Cryptosporidium
99
Q

What hemoparasites affect reptiles?

A 
Plasmodim
Haemoproteus
Haemogregarina
Hepatozoon
Trypanosoma
100
Q

How do you diagnose cestodes and nematodes?

A

Fecal flotation
Direct fecal examination
cloacal wash

101
Q

What causes pneumonia in reptiles?

A

Many bacterial, viral and fungal agents in the lower respiratory tract

102
Q

What reptiles are most susceptible to pneumonia?

A

Not properly cleaned and sanitized cages
Poor environmental conditions
Poor nutrition

103
Q

What are the clinical signs of pneumonia?

A

Open-mouth breathing

Breathing with head and neck extended

104
Q

How do you diagnosis pneumonia in reptiles?

A

History
Exam
Radiographs
Transtracheal wash

105
Q

What is Dysecdysis?

A

Skin shedding

106
Q

What causes Dysecdysis?

A

Humidity and or temperature increases

107
Q

What can incomplete shedding result in?

A

Retained spectacles

which is a dull & dry appearance to the eye caps

108
Q

How do reptiles get thermal injuries?

A

Burns from lamps and hot rocks

109
Q

What does each degree of thermal burn look like?

A

1st degree = Superficial
2nd degree = epidermis destroyed
3rd degree = complete destruction of the skin
4th degree = muscle involvement

110
Q

What is shell trauma caused by?

A 
Trauma
Poor water quality
Inappropriate substrates
Poor nutrition 
Stress
Insufficient ultraviolet light exposure
111
Q

How do bite wounds occur?

A

Exposure to domestic or wild animals
Love prey in the enclosure
Group housed

112
Q

What is a result of long-term calcium or vitamin D deficiency and lack of ultraviolet exposure?

A

Metabolic bone disease

113
Q

What are the clinical signs of Metabolic bone disease?

A 
Pliable mandible or maxilla
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Fractures
Tremors
Lameness
Abnormal shell development
114
Q

What does a diet that is low in vitamin A cause?

A

Hypovitaminosis A

Eating too much iceberg lettuce and cucumbers

115
Q

What are the clinical signs of Hypvitaminosis A

A 
Edema of the eyelids
Conjunctivitis 
Anorexia
Nasal and ocular discharge
Rhinitis
116
Q

What is the technical term of edema of the eyelids?

A

Blepharedema

117
Q

What is caused by an increase in uric acid crystals?

A

Gout

118
Q

What are the risk factors that predispose reptiles to Gout?

A

Dehydration
Kidney damage
Excessive protein intake

Exotic and Laboratory Animals (22 decks)

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