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Exotics and random anatomy > Reptile Species Considerations > Flashcards

Reptile Species Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 orders of Chelonia? What are the differences between these?

A

Pleurodira - 3 flexion points of head, can’t fully withdraw

Cryptodira - 2 flexion points, can withdraw

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2
Q

Auscultation is hard with Chelonia due to the shell. What can we do to make this easier?

A

Wrap in a damp towel

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3
Q

What type of poikilothermic ectotherms are Chelonia? What is a problem associated with this?

A

Heliotherms - heat from basking

Difficulty cooling

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4
Q

What type of skulls do chelonians have? Do they have teeth?

A

Analysis

No teeth - use sharp beak for prehension. Egg tooth to open shell

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5
Q

What is the shell of Chelonia composed of?

A

Keratinised scutes

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6
Q

What is the upper shell of Chelonia called?

A

Carapace

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7
Q

What is the lower shell (ventral) of Chelonians called?

A

Plastron

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8
Q

In Chelonia, the not well developed rib cage is fused to the spine. What structures are within the rib cage? What effect does this have?

A

Pectoral and pelvic girdle

Limits locomotion

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9
Q

What are the names of the scutes found in the central of the carapace? What about the ones next to these? What are the outside scutes called?

A

Vertebral
Pleural
Marginal

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10
Q

What are the scutes found below the neck called?

A

Nuchal

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11
Q

Where are the lungs found in Chelonia? How are they separated from the abdomen?

A

Below the carapace

Pleura

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12
Q

What type of breathers are Chelonia? How is their respiratory system adapted for their anatomy?

A

nasal breathers. Respiratory breathing = distress

Short trachea - can breathe with neck fully drawn in

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13
Q

Do any reptiles have a diaphragm?

A

No

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14
Q

Why are chelonians susceptible to pneumonia?

A

No cough reflex

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15
Q

Describe the kidneys in Chelonia. Where are they found?

A

Paired, Lobulated

Beneath the dorsal carapace

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16
Q

In what form do chelonians excrete waste?

A

Urea/uric acid

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17
Q

Under what temperature does no digestion occur?

A

<7 degrees C

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18
Q

How can you sex chelonia?

A

Tail length and thickness

Males have concave plastron

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19
Q

What are 2 of the suborders of lizard?

A

Iguinia
Gekkata
Skincomoprha
Varinoidea

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20
Q

Explain how lizards scales are adapted for light absorption

A

Change in colour in the day

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21
Q

What type of skulls do lizards and snakes have?

A

Diapsid (2 temporal fenestrae)

22
Q

What is unique about the vertebrae in lizards and snakes?

A

All have ribs (except cervical)

23
Q

What type of kidneys do lizards have?

A

Lobulated

24
Q

What 2 problems are common with female repro in lizards?

A

Follicular stasis

Egg binding tooviduct

25
Q

What type of offspring do lizards produce? (In terms of live birth, egg etc)

A

All!
Viviparous
Oviparous
Parthogenesis (asexual reproduction, no male)

26
Q

Where are testes found in male lizards?

A

Abdomen

27
Q

Which species have hemipenes? Where are they? What do they do?

A

Squamata only - snakes and lizards
Stored in tail, can be exerted
One is used during copulation (NOT for urination)

28
Q

How are hemipenes everted? What is a common problem with hemipenes?

A

Erectile tissue contraction

Prolapse

29
Q

What are 2 external differences between male and female lizards?

A

Males larger and more colourful

Males have femoral pores

30
Q

What are the 2 main groups of snake? What is the difference between these?

A

Boidae - 2 lungs, 2 carotid arteries, caecum

Colubridae - 1 lung, 1 carotid artery, no caecum

31
Q

Give examples of 2 boidae snakes

A

Boa

Anaconda

32
Q

Give 2 examples of colubridae snakes

A

Corn snake

King snake

33
Q

How can snakes use their shape to alter thermoregulation?

A

Coil up to retain heat

Uncoil to lose heat

34
Q

Do snakes shed fully? What is a common problem that owners worry about before this happens?

A

Yes - including spectacle

Eyes turn milky

35
Q

Only primitive snakes have vestigial limbs. What are these called? How do snakes move?

A

Pelvic spurs

Axial skeletal muscles

36
Q

What organs are found in each 1/3 of the snake

A

Cranial - heart, left lung, trachea, oesophagus, thyroid
Middle - stomach, liver, lung, spleen, pancreas
Caudal - intestines, kidney, gonads

37
Q

What are the modifications that allow snakes to eat large prey?

A

Kinetic skull with no mandibular symphysis = large gape
Rostral glottis allows breathing whilst swallowing
Skin between scales allow stretch

38
Q

What is the function of the tongue in snakes?

A

Touch
Taste
Olfaction (brings particles onto chemoreceptors on roof of mouth - vomeronasal organ)

39
Q

Why do snakes easily regurgitate? Which snakes are more likely to regurgitate?

A

Poor cardiac sphincter

Young, stressed

40
Q

What type of teeth do snakes have?

A

Pleurodont (attached to medial bone)

41
Q

Do snakes have eyelids? How are the eyes protected? Do they have sclerotic rings?

A

No
Protected by the spectacle
No

42
Q

Why do snakes have poor vision?

A

No ciliary body

Reduced eye movement

43
Q

Describe the lungs in a snake?

A

Smaller vestigial left lung (if present)
Lungs are unicameral - one compartment
Have faveoli

44
Q

Describe the kidneys in snakes

A

Paired
Lobulated
Elongated
Males have sexual part to kidney

45
Q

Do snakes have a bladder?

A

No - ureters run straight into urodeum

46
Q

Which types of snakes have pelvic spurs? Where are they found?

A

Primitive - pythons, boas

Either side of the vent

47
Q

Describe olfaction in snakes

A

Very good due to Jacobson’s organ as well as normal olfactory cells

48
Q

Describe snakes ears. What bone picks up sound vibrations?

A

No external ear
Internal ear only
Quadrate bone

49
Q

How do snakes find prey in the dark?

A

Infrared sensor pits between mouth and eyes

50
Q

At what age do snakes mature? What is this based on?

A

1-5 years

Based on size not age!

51
Q

How can you sex a snake?

A

Males have thicker tail due to hemipenes
Evert hemipenes
Probe (most accurate)

52
Q

Where are testes found in snakes? What happens to hemipenes during the breeding season?

A

Above kidneys

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Exotics and random anatomy (23 decks)

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