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Exotics and random anatomy > Birds 2 > Flashcards

Birds 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the fused clavicles

A

Furcula

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2
Q

Describe which eyelids of the chicken shut during sleeping and blinking

A

3rd eyelid blinks

1st and 2nd shut during sleeping

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3
Q

How does the chicken eye differ to mammals?

A

Thinner cornea
Softer lens
Thick, avascular retina
No tarsal glands

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4
Q

The beak doesn’t chew food, but breaks it to make it smaller. It also reduces weight, as it has no teeth. What are the upper and lower beaks called?

A

Upper - rhinotheca

Lower - gnathothetca

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5
Q

The cere is a waxy substance at the beak base. Which birds have this?

A

Raptors, parrots, owls, budgies

Used for sexing in budgies

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6
Q

Are the nares at the proximal or distal cere? Which species is the exception?

A

Proximal

Owls distal

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7
Q

What side of the body is the oesophagus one? What is this lateral to?

A

Right

Glottis

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8
Q

What is used for swabbing in the chicken? What is this?

A

Choanal slit

Opening that connects oral to nasal cavity

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9
Q

Do chickens have a pinna? What protects their ears?

A

No

Auricular feathers

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10
Q

How many chambers are in the chicken heart? How does their CO compare to mammals and why?

A

4

Higher CO - large amounts of blood pumped to head, wings and flight muscles

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11
Q

What is the HR and BP of a chicken? Do they have nucleated or non-nucleated red blood cells?

A

Both high
Up to 800bpm
BP = 180/140
Nucleated

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12
Q

Do chickens have a diaphragm? How does the thoracic cavity expand?

A

No
Expands via thoracic/abdominal muscles
(Lungs are fixed and don’t expand - but air sacs do)

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13
Q

What is the syrinx? What does it do?

A

Last few tracheal rings, first few bronchial rings and central tympanic membrane
Allows vocalisation

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14
Q

Where does air go when breathed through chicken nares?

A 
Rostral, middle and caudal conchae (turbinates - warms/filters)
Trachea
Trachea bifurcates
Primary/secondary bronchi 
Parabronchi 
Air capillaries (no alveoli)
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15
Q

How many air sacs do birds have? Where are they?

A 
9 
1 interclavicular 
2 cervical 
2 anterior thoracic
2 posterior thoracic
2 abdominal
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16
Q

What are air sacs? Where do some extend to?

A

Mucoserous extensions of secondary bronchi

Pneumatic bones

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17
Q

Do chickens have lymph nodes? Where are immune cells produced?

A

No lymph nodes

Immune cells produced in embryonic liver, yolk sac ad bone marrow

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18
Q

Where are B cells produced in birds? Where are T cells produced?

A

B - Bursa of fabricus (dorsal cloaca)

T - thymus

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19
Q

What is the primary lymphatic organ in birds? When does this take over B/T cell production?

A

Bone marrow

After thymus/bursa of fabrics have receded (rudimentary/absent in adults)

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20
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues in a chicken?

A 
GALT - gut
RALT - respiratory 
CALT - conjunctiva
Spleen 
Harderian gland
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21
Q

Describe the order of the bird GI tract

A 
Oesophagus
Crop
Proventriculus 
Ventriculus (gizzard)
SI 
Caeca and LI
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22
Q

What is the crop? Is it present in all birds?

A

Elastic muscular structure in oesophagus
Temporary food storage
Not all birds

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23
Q

How can the crop be used to help feed young? What do pigeons have that is significant?

A

Fat filled epithelial cells - sloughed off and regurgitated to feed young
Pigeons have double sack that produces crop milk

24
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

Glandular stomach

Secretes digestive enzyms

25
Q

What is the ventriculus? Which birds may it be reduced in? Why may it contain grit?

A

Muscular stomach
Birds that have liquid diet or eat whole prey
Avoid grinding

26
Q

The SI of a bird is highly coiled, or short and simple in meat eaters. What is found at the junction between the jejunum and ileum? What is this?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

Remnant of yolk sac attachment

27
Q

What are caeca? Which birds have large caeca?

A

Outpouches of GI

Galliformes (chickens, turkeys)

28
Q

Where is the liver found in birds? Describe it

A

Caudal to heart (no diaphragm)
Bilobed
Right lobe larger

29
Q

Do chickens have a gall bladder?

A

Yes

30
Q

Where is the pancreas located in a bird? What does it produce?

A

Within the duodenal loop
Exocrine - digestive enzymes
Endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

31
Q

How do seed eaters GI differ from fruit eaters GI? (birds)

A

Seed - well developed crop, proventriculus and ventriculus, long GI and distinct caeca
Fruit - shorter intestines, less distinct caeca

32
Q

Describe the GI of meat/fish eating birds

A

Rudimentary caeca and ventriculus

Well developed pancreas and proventriculus

33
Q

What separates the coprodeum and urodeum?

A

Coprodeal fold

34
Q

What is the site of haemotpoiesis in birds? Where is this?

A

Bursa of fabricus

Dorsal cloaca

35
Q

How many lobes does each bird kidney have?

A

3 per kidney

Cranial middle caudal

36
Q

Do chickens have a renal portal system? Do they have a bladder?

A

Yes

No bladder

37
Q

What type of nephrons do chickens have (mammal or reptilian)?

A

Mix

38
Q

Lots of water is lost through bird kidneys. How is it reuptaken?

A

Via colon

39
Q

What is in bird urine?

A

Uric acid mixed with copious mucus

40
Q

Where is uric acid produced and excreted?

A

Produced in the liver

Excreted in urine (white precipitate)

41
Q

What are the parts to normal bird droppings?

A

Green part - faeces
White part - urates
Clear - urine

42
Q

Where are the testes in a bird? When does spermatogenesis take place?

A

Abdominal cavity

During the night - lower body temperature

43
Q

Do birds have an epididymis? Do they have accessory sex glands?

A

Short epididymis - little sperm storage

No accessory glands

44
Q

Phallus is present in some birds. Which birds have an intromittent phallus? How do non-intromittent and birds with no phallus fertilise?

A

Intromittent - ducks, geese, ratites
Non-intromittent - fertilise by touching
Psittacines - no phallus, fertilise by everting cloaca containing papillae

45
Q

Which ovary and oviduct is more functional in birds? Why? Where are ovaries located?

A

Left - functional
Right not fully developed
Cranial to kidneys

46
Q

After laying, when do chickens next ovulate?

A

30 mins after laying

Continuous layers

47
Q

Chickens are continuous layers. What may other birds be?

A

Indeterminate layers - produce clutches, can replace lost eggs

48
Q

What is the female repro tract of a chicken?

A 
Ovary 
Infundibulum 
Magnum 
Isthmus 
Uterus 
Vagina
49
Q

Describe egg production and how long each takes?

A

Infundibulum - catches ovulated follicle, site of fertilisation (15 mins)
Magnum - egg white/albumin develops around follicle (3 hrs)
Isthmus - shell membrane produced (1 hr)
Uterus/shell gland - calcification of shell (20 hrs)
Vagina - adds cuticle and stones egg

50
Q

What is crop impaction?

A

Failure of food to leave crop and enter proventriculus

51
Q

What is sour crop?

A

Yeast infection of crop, causes thickening

Yeast infections often due to weak immune system

52
Q

What is Macaw wasting disease?

A

Proventricular dilation

Due to weak muscle contractions and nerve damage

53
Q

What is papillomatosis?

A

Viral infection affecting mouth/cloaca
Looks like a prolapse
Worstened by stress

54
Q

What parasites affect birds?

A

Giardia spp
Trichomonas spp
Tapeworm (rare)

55
Q

What is follicular stasis?

A

Inappropriate follicle maturation without ovulation

56
Q

What is air sacculitis?

A

Inflammation of air sacs

Secondary to bacterial infection

57
Q

What can fractures/trauma to pneumatic bones cause?

A

Subcutaneous emphysema

Exotics and random anatomy (23 decks)

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