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Exotics and random anatomy > Exotics pharmacology > Flashcards

Exotics pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it difficult to administer drugs to exotics?

A

Small muscle mass
Renal portal system (birds/reptiles)
Limited number of licensed drugs

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2
Q

Where should IM injections be given in exotics?

A

Epaxial muscles - rabbits, guinea pig, chinchilla

Quadriceps (cranial) - ferrets, rabbits, small rodents

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3
Q

Where should IV injections be given for ferrets and rabbits?

A

Cephalic vein
Lateral saphenous vein
Marginal ear vein (rabbit onyl)

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4
Q

IO injections act via a catheter. What do they require? Where can they be give?

A

Heavy sedation or anaesthesia

Greater trochanter of femur, proximal humerus, proximal tibia

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5
Q

Where should you sub-cut injections be given on a bird?

A

Scruff (intrascapular)
Pectorals - not ratites/nestlings
Can use thighs but beware as renal portal system may excrete/nephrotoxic

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6
Q

Where should intravenous injections be given in birds?

A

Right jugular
Basilic vein
Medial metatarsal vein

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7
Q

Where should IO injections be given in a bird? Why not humerus or femur?

A

Distal ulna or proximal tibia

Pneumatic bones

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8
Q

Where can IM muscles be given in chelonia, lizards and snakes?

A

Upper arm in chelonians and lizards

Epaxial muscles of snakes

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9
Q

Where can IV injections be given for reptiles?

A

Right jugular - chelonians

Tail vein - snakes and lizards

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10
Q

Can IO injections be given to reptiles?

A

Only lizards - proximal tibia

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11
Q

Which medications should be AVOIDED in small mammals?

A 
PLACE
Penicillin 
Lincosamides
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Erythromycin
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12
Q

What medication can be used in small mammals?

A

Metronidazole, fluoroquinolone, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, macrolides (not erythromycin)!

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13
Q

What drug is licensed in rabbits, small furry mammals and birds? (only licensed in most exotics)

A

Enrofloxacin

Not ferrets - none licensed

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14
Q

Why are birds often very sick when brought into the vet?

A

Hide clinical signs

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15
Q

Fluoroquinolones can be used in birds. How should they be administered? What are the disadvantages?

A

Oral - tastes bitter

IM can cause necrosis

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16
Q

Which are very safe antibiotics to give to birds? (high therapeutic index, often used)

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Also used - tetracyclines, sulphonamides, macrocodes, chloramphenicol

17
Q

Which antibiotics can be toxic to birds?

A

Aminoglycosides

18
Q

Why is analgesia in exotics challenging?

A

Limited data
High (small mammals/birds) or low metabolic rates
Difficult to recognise pain

19
Q

What is a particular issue with medication for reptiles?

A

Pharmacodynamics and kinetics altered by body temperature

Body temperature varies

20
Q

When should analgesics be given? (All species)

A

Before pain occurs - far more effective

21
Q

What are examples of local anaesthetics used in exotics?

A

Lidocaine

Bupivicaine - longer acting, absorption too fast in birds so toxic

22
Q

What opioids can be used for exotics?

A

Morphine - not rabbits
Butorphanol
Buprenorphine - small mammals. Little effect in reptiles

23
Q

Why should care be taken when administering morphine to rabbits?

A

Adverse GI effects

24
Q

What NSAIDs can be given to exotics?

A

Ketoprofen
Carprofen
Meloxicam

25
Q

What corticosteroids (anti-ifnlammatories) can be given to exotics?

A

Prednisolone

Methylprednisolone

26
Q

Why are corticosteroids not recommended for use in birds/reptiles?

A

Immunosuppressive effects predispose to mycotic infections

27
Q

How can anaesthesia be maintained in exotics? Do they require fasting?

A

Face mask, ET tube

Fasting not recommended

28
Q

ET intubation is difficult in some exotics, but is recommended particularly in rabbits due to their mouth anatomy. Should the ET tube be uncuffed or cuffed?

A

Uncuffed

Ensures patent airway

29
Q

What can be used for induction? Gaseous or injectable (exotics)

A

Isoflurone via mask

Propofol, ketamine combination, alfaxalone

30
Q

Why do rabbits require pre-med before mask induction?

A

Rabbits breath hold and become hypoxic

Need pre med

31
Q

What maintenance agents are safe for exotics?

A

Isoflurane

Sevoflurane

32
Q

What is different about breathing of exotics under GA? Which species does this occur in? What is required?

A

Don’t all spontaneously breathe (small mammals do)
Birds in dorsal recumbency (weight of abdomen and pectorals)
Reptiles
Require IPPV throughout GA

Exotics and random anatomy (23 decks)

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