Comparative Female Repro

Question 1

What are the 3 types of uterus?

Answer 1

Simplex, duplex, bicornuate

Question 2

What animals have a simplex uterus? Describe the features of a simplex uterus

Answer 2

Primates

One cervix, no uterine horns

Question 3

What animals have a bicornuate uterus? Describe the features of a bicornuate uterus

Answer 3

Mare, cow, ewe, bitch/queen/sow, some rodents

One cervix, two uterine horns separated by a septum

Question 4

What animals have a duplex uterus? Describe the features of a duplex uterus

Answer 4

Marsupials, rabbits, some rodents

Two cervixes, two completely separated uterine horns

Question 5

From the following animals, put them in order from least to most developed uterine horns: bitch/queen/sow, mare, cow

Answer 5

Mare (least developed)
Cow
Bitch/queen/sow (most developed)

Question 6

Can a mares cervix be picked up during a rectal exam? Why?

Answer 6

No

Due to tight dorsal attachment of mesometrium

Question 7

The corpus luteum protrudes and most species and is palpable. In which species does the CL not protrude (and therefore cannot be palpated)?

Answer 7

Mare

Question 8

Follicles contain cells which produce oestrogen. What are these cells called?

Answer 8

Granulosa cells

Question 9

Describe the structure of a follicle

Answer 9

Thin walled, fluid filled

Question 10

How does the dominant follicle prevent other follicles from developing?

Answer 10

Produces lots of oestrogen and inhibin

Suppresses other follicles

Question 11

Corpora lutea contain what type of cells? What colour are the CL?

Answer 11

Luteal cells

Grey/yellow

Question 12

Cows and mares both have ovulatory follicles. What are 3 differences between these species follicles? (think CL, follicle size and where ovulation takes place)

Answer 12

CL protrude in cow but not mare
Dominant follicle much larger in mare
Ovulation occurs from distinct ovulatory fossa in mare, but occurs in different places in cows

Question 13

Follicles develop in how many waves during the bovine cycle?

Answer 13

2 or 3

Question 14

Ovulation occurs when which hormone is basal?

Answer 14

Progesterone

Question 15

What are the 3 components of the oviduct?

Answer 15

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

Question 16

What shape is the infundibulum? What does it do?

Answer 16

Funnel shaped

Catches the oocyte

Question 17

Describe the ampulla.What is the function of the ampulla?

Answer 17

Large diameter
Ciliated
Site of fertilisation

Question 18

Describe the isthmus. What does it do?

Answer 18

Smaller diameter but thicker muscular walls

Sperm is stored here

Question 19

What connects the isthmus to the uterus?

Answer 19

Uterotubal junction

Question 20

Why does the mare have a less extensive infundibulum than other species?

Answer 20

Other species ovulate at a random point so need extensive infundibulum to catch oocyte
Mares ovulate from a single ovulation fossa so need less extensive infundibulum

Question 21

In carnivores, what is the ovary located in? What is this? What is it formed by?

Answer 21

Ovarian bursa
Peritoneal sac enclosing ovary
Mesosalpinx

Question 22

What is non-gravid?

Answer 22

Non-pregnant

gravid = pregnant

Question 23

What are the 3 layers to a non gravid uterus?

Answer 23

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium (innermost layer - mucosa and submucosa)

Question 24

Sow and mares have a diffuse placenta. What in the uterus contributes to the maternal placenta?

Answer 24

Endometrial folds

Question 25

Which species have distinct maternal caruncles on the placenta?

Answer 25

Cattle and sheep Cattle - convex caruncles Sheep - concave (donut) caruncles

Question 26

The cervix is thick walled and non-compliant. What is the purpose of the cervix?

Answer 26

Provide a barrier to sperm | Isolate foetus from external environment during pregnancy

Question 27

The cervix acts as a sperm barrier, except in which species?

Answer 27

Sow | Mare

Question 28

What is the 'cervical seal of pregnancy'?

Answer 28

Progesterone makes mucus viscous which glues folds of cervix together Isolates the foetus

Question 29

In which species does the cervix have protrustions? What are these called?

Answer 29

Sheep and cow | Cervical rings

Question 30

The mare has no cervical rings. What does the mare have instead? What are these continuous with?

Answer 30

Longitudinal folds | Continuous with endometrial folds

Question 31

In the sow, the penis fixes into the cervix. What does the cervix have?

Answer 31

Interdigitating prominances

Question 32

Why may you need to catheter a cervix?

Answer 32

AI Embryo transfer Infections

Question 33

What is the name of the outer and inner sac of the placenta?

Answer 33

Outer - chorioallantois | Inner sac - amnion

Question 34

The chorioallantois is a fusion of what?

Answer 34

Outer chorion | Inner allantois

Question 35

In the developing foetus, the allantoic cavity is continuous with which organ?

Answer 35

Bladder

Question 36

What is the purpose of villi on the chorion (chorionic villi)?

Answer 36

Get maximum SA in contact with maternal blood

Question 37

What are the functions of the amniotic membranes and fluid?

Answer 37

Enclose foetus Maintain hydrostatic pressure for foetus Mucoid lining at end of gestation forms lubrication for birth

Question 38

What are the functions for the allantoic membranes and fluid?

Answer 38

Early collection of urine and waste | Maintain hydrostatic pressure for foetus

Question 39

Which part is the foetal contribution to the placenta? What is the functional part of this?

Answer 39

``` Allantochorion??? Chorionic villus (exchange apparatus) ```

Question 40

How are placentas classified? What are the 3 different types?

Answer 40

Classified by distribution of chorionic villi | Diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary

Question 41

Which animals have a diffuse placenta?

Answer 41

Horses, pigs

Question 42

Which animals have a cotyledonary placenta?

Answer 42

Ruminants

Question 43

Which animals have a zonary placenta?

Answer 43

Carnivores

Question 44

The primate placenta is different to all others. They implant, what process does this cause? What are the two high risks for primates?

Answer 44

Menstruation | High risk of ectopic pregnancies and blood loss at parturition

Question 45

Pigs, sheep, cattle and horses have an epitheliochorial placenta. What does this mean?

Answer 45

The placenta is in contact with, but does not erode the endometrium

Question 46

Which species have an endotheliochorial placenta? What is this type of placenta?

Answer 46

Dogs and cats | Maternal endometrial blood vessels are bare to their endothelium and these comes in contact with the chorion

Question 47

Which species have endometrial cups? What are these?

Answer 47

Mare | Impermanent glands that produce eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin)

Question 48

What are the blood vessels present in the umbilicus?

Answer 48

Urachus (collects foetal urine) 2 umbilical arteries 1 umbilical vein

Question 49

What is different about the umbilical vein in ruminants?

Answer 49

It bifurcates

Question 50

What does the umbilical arteries become in the foetus?

Answer 50

Round ligaments of the bladder

Question 51

What does the umbilical vein become in the foetus?

Answer 51

Round ligament of the liver

Question 52

What does the urachus become in the foetus?

Answer 52

Scar on the bladder

Question 53

At birth, the amniotic membrane is broken. What happens to the umbilical vein and arteries and the urachus? What is the significance of these?

Answer 53

Arteries retract Veins and urachus close Temporarily remain outside of the body - can cause hernias and infections

Question 54

What is visible on external genitalia?

Answer 54

Anus, cutaneous bridge (between anus and vagina), dorsal and ventral commissure, right and left labia

Question 55

What is a placentome?

Answer 55

Maternal caruncles and foetal cotyledons together

Question 56

Which side of the placenta is which?

Answer 56

Caruncles - maternal side | Cotyledons - foetal side

Question 57

In cows, membrane slip can be used for PD. At what week of pregnancy should you be able to feel this?

Answer 57

5 weeks

Question 58

What are the 3 parts to the broad ligament and where do they attach to?

Answer 58

Mesovarium - ovaries Mesosalpinx - oviduct Mesometrium - uterus, cervix and vagina

Question 59

What is the ovarian bursa? Which parts of the broad ligament form this?

Answer 59

Membrane containing the ovaries | Mesosalpinx and mesometrium