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Exotics and random anatomy > Comparative Female Repro > Flashcards

Comparative Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of uterus?

A

Simplex, duplex, bicornuate

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2
Q

What animals have a simplex uterus? Describe the features of a simplex uterus

A

Primates

One cervix, no uterine horns

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3
Q

What animals have a bicornuate uterus? Describe the features of a bicornuate uterus

A

Mare, cow, ewe, bitch/queen/sow, some rodents

One cervix, two uterine horns separated by a septum

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4
Q

What animals have a duplex uterus? Describe the features of a duplex uterus

A

Marsupials, rabbits, some rodents

Two cervixes, two completely separated uterine horns

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5
Q

From the following animals, put them in order from least to most developed uterine horns: bitch/queen/sow, mare, cow

A

Mare (least developed)
Cow
Bitch/queen/sow (most developed)

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6
Q

Can a mares cervix be picked up during a rectal exam? Why?

A

No

Due to tight dorsal attachment of mesometrium

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7
Q

The corpus luteum protrudes and most species and is palpable. In which species does the CL not protrude (and therefore cannot be palpated)?

A

Mare

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8
Q

Follicles contain cells which produce oestrogen. What are these cells called?

A

Granulosa cells

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9
Q

Describe the structure of a follicle

A

Thin walled, fluid filled

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10
Q

How does the dominant follicle prevent other follicles from developing?

A

Produces lots of oestrogen and inhibin

Suppresses other follicles

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11
Q

Corpora lutea contain what type of cells? What colour are the CL?

A

Luteal cells

Grey/yellow

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12
Q

Cows and mares both have ovulatory follicles. What are 3 differences between these species follicles? (think CL, follicle size and where ovulation takes place)

A

CL protrude in cow but not mare
Dominant follicle much larger in mare
Ovulation occurs from distinct ovulatory fossa in mare, but occurs in different places in cows

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13
Q

Follicles develop in how many waves during the bovine cycle?

A

2 or 3

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14
Q

Ovulation occurs when which hormone is basal?

A

Progesterone

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15
Q

What are the 3 components of the oviduct?

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

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16
Q

What shape is the infundibulum? What does it do?

A

Funnel shaped

Catches the oocyte

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17
Q

Describe the ampulla.What is the function of the ampulla?

A

Large diameter
Ciliated
Site of fertilisation

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18
Q

Describe the isthmus. What does it do?

A

Smaller diameter but thicker muscular walls

Sperm is stored here

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19
Q

What connects the isthmus to the uterus?

A

Uterotubal junction

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20
Q

Why does the mare have a less extensive infundibulum than other species?

A

Other species ovulate at a random point so need extensive infundibulum to catch oocyte
Mares ovulate from a single ovulation fossa so need less extensive infundibulum

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21
Q

In carnivores, what is the ovary located in? What is this? What is it formed by?

A

Ovarian bursa
Peritoneal sac enclosing ovary
Mesosalpinx

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22
Q

What is non-gravid?

A

Non-pregnant

gravid = pregnant

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers to a non gravid uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium (innermost layer - mucosa and submucosa)

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24
Q

Sow and mares have a diffuse placenta. What in the uterus contributes to the maternal placenta?

A

Endometrial folds

25
Q

Which species have distinct maternal caruncles on the placenta?

A

Cattle and sheep
Cattle - convex caruncles
Sheep - concave (donut) caruncles

26
Q

The cervix is thick walled and non-compliant. What is the purpose of the cervix?

A

Provide a barrier to sperm

Isolate foetus from external environment during pregnancy

27
Q

The cervix acts as a sperm barrier, except in which species?

A

Sow

Mare

28
Q

What is the ‘cervical seal of pregnancy’?

A

Progesterone makes mucus viscous which glues folds of cervix together
Isolates the foetus

29
Q

In which species does the cervix have protrustions? What are these called?

A

Sheep and cow

Cervical rings

30
Q

The mare has no cervical rings. What does the mare have instead? What are these continuous with?

A

Longitudinal folds

Continuous with endometrial folds

31
Q

In the sow, the penis fixes into the cervix. What does the cervix have?

A

Interdigitating prominances

32
Q

Why may you need to catheter a cervix?

A

AI
Embryo transfer
Infections

33
Q

What is the name of the outer and inner sac of the placenta?

A

Outer - chorioallantois

Inner sac - amnion

34
Q

The chorioallantois is a fusion of what?

A

Outer chorion

Inner allantois

35
Q

In the developing foetus, the allantoic cavity is continuous with which organ?

A

Bladder

36
Q

What is the purpose of villi on the chorion (chorionic villi)?

A

Get maximum SA in contact with maternal blood

37
Q

What are the functions of the amniotic membranes and fluid?

A

Enclose foetus
Maintain hydrostatic pressure for foetus
Mucoid lining at end of gestation forms lubrication for birth

38
Q

What are the functions for the allantoic membranes and fluid?

A

Early collection of urine and waste

Maintain hydrostatic pressure for foetus

39
Q

Which part is the foetal contribution to the placenta? What is the functional part of this?

A 
Allantochorion???
Chorionic villus (exchange apparatus)
40
Q

How are placentas classified? What are the 3 different types?

A

Classified by distribution of chorionic villi

Diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary

41
Q

Which animals have a diffuse placenta?

A

Horses, pigs

42
Q

Which animals have a cotyledonary placenta?

A

Ruminants

43
Q

Which animals have a zonary placenta?

A

Carnivores

44
Q

The primate placenta is different to all others. They implant, what process does this cause? What are the two high risks for primates?

A

Menstruation

High risk of ectopic pregnancies and blood loss at parturition

45
Q

Pigs, sheep, cattle and horses have an epitheliochorial placenta. What does this mean?

A

The placenta is in contact with, but does not erode the endometrium

46
Q

Which species have an endotheliochorial placenta? What is this type of placenta?

A

Dogs and cats

Maternal endometrial blood vessels are bare to their endothelium and these comes in contact with the chorion

47
Q

Which species have endometrial cups? What are these?

A

Mare

Impermanent glands that produce eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin)

48
Q

What are the blood vessels present in the umbilicus?

A

Urachus (collects foetal urine)
2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein

49
Q

What is different about the umbilical vein in ruminants?

A

It bifurcates

50
Q

What does the umbilical arteries become in the foetus?

A

Round ligaments of the bladder

51
Q

What does the umbilical vein become in the foetus?

A

Round ligament of the liver

52
Q

What does the urachus become in the foetus?

A

Scar on the bladder

53
Q

At birth, the amniotic membrane is broken. What happens to the umbilical vein and arteries and the urachus? What is the significance of these?

A

Arteries retract
Veins and urachus close
Temporarily remain outside of the body - can cause hernias and infections

54
Q

What is visible on external genitalia?

A

Anus, cutaneous bridge (between anus and vagina), dorsal and ventral commissure, right and left labia

55
Q

What is a placentome?

A

Maternal caruncles and foetal cotyledons together

56
Q

Which side of the placenta is which?

A

Caruncles - maternal side

Cotyledons - foetal side

57
Q

In cows, membrane slip can be used for PD. At what week of pregnancy should you be able to feel this?

A

5 weeks

58
Q

What are the 3 parts to the broad ligament and where do they attach to?

A

Mesovarium - ovaries
Mesosalpinx - oviduct
Mesometrium - uterus, cervix and vagina

59
Q

What is the ovarian bursa? Which parts of the broad ligament form this?

A

Membrane containing the ovaries

Mesosalpinx and mesometrium

Exotics and random anatomy (23 decks)

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