reproductive unit Flashcards
gonads
reproductive organs
-testies
-ovaries
functions of the gonads
-produce reproductive cells
-secretion of sex hormones
the reproductive cells
sperm and ova
sex hormones
-testosterone
-progesterone
-estrogen
second degree sex characteristics
physical/external differences
-puberty
male second degree sex characterstics
-facial/bodily hair
-lower voice
-broad shoulders
-higher levels of testosterone
female second degree sex characterstics
-inc body fat
-development of breasts
-higher vocal pitch
-widening of pelvis
primary degree sex characterstics
-penis and testies
-uterus and ovaries
what type of sex characteristic is breast development?
second degree
what is formed after conception
zygote
-xx
-xy
default development after conception
-female
up to seven weeks no difference between gender, then SRY to activate Y chromosome
SRY gene
-inhibit certain components of X chromosome
-physical differences in male
essential purpose of Y chromosome
changes ‘direction’ of development
-fetus has base features
-now more specialized male features
descending testes
into scrotum at birth
-if not then aided by gubernaculum
inglinal hernia
space balls leave may experience hernia, later in life
cryptorhidism
if balls do not descend
-sterility
seminiferous tubules
produces sperm in spermatogenic cells
-coiled
-area of testicular cancer
-solid until puberty (lutenizing hormone)
sertoli cells
support, nurish and regulate spermatogenic cells
-protect by forming blood testies barrier
-intersitial cells
intersitial cells
produce testosterone
scrotum
skin sac that contains testies
-protects sperm due to lower temp
epididymus
site of sperm maturation
-sperm develop fiagella and swimming motions
-compacted tube attached to outer testies
-some sperm destroyed by immune system
fiagella
aids sperm to swim, whip like tail
vas defrens
muscular contractions propel sperm
-tube connecting epididymus to urethra
glands producing semen
seminal vesticles
prostate gland
coupers gland
seminal vesticles
secrete altaline fluid into ejaculatory duct
.fructose
.citris acid
.hormones
.mucous
-base of bladder
fructose in seminal vesticles
provide energy to sperm
citric acid in seminla vesticles
dissolve cervical mucous
hormones in seminla vesticles function
stimulate uterine contractions to propel sperm up uterus
mucous in seminal vesticles/coupers gland
lubrication
prostate gland
secretes alkaline buffer
-protects sperm from acidity of vagina
-milky fluid for sperm motility
-propel sperm by muscular contractions
seminal vesticles four major elements
-fructose
-citris acid
-hormones
-mucous
coupers gland
prepares sperm for changing enviroment of vagina
-mucous
-clear urethra of urine
FSH in males
stimulates spermatogenesis in testies
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by GnRH
lutenizing hormone in males
stimulate testosterone production
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by hypothalamus
testosterone
-stimulates spermatogenesis
-sex drive
-secondary sex characterstics
-promotes growth
where is testosterone produced
interstitual cells
gonadotroping releasing hormone in males
acts on anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
-active at puberty
-secreted by hypothalamus
what cells do FSH affect
sertoli cells
FSH in females
estrogen production/follicles in ovaries
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by GnRH
LH in females
controls ovulation
-maintains corpus luteum
-controlled by GnRH
-produced by anterior pituitary
estrogen
controls thickening of endometrium
-helps follicle to mature
-inc LH/inhibits FSH
-secreted by follice and corpus leutum
endometrium
inner lining of uterus
were is estrogen produced
follice and corpus leutum
progesterone
endometrium thickening
inhibits FSH/gradual LH
-inhibits contractions (pregnancy)
-secreted by corpus leutum (maturation)
where is progesterone produced
corpus leutum
gonadotroping releasing hormone in females
trigger anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
-released by hypothalamus
ovaries
-descend from same location as testes, remain inside
-2 mil follicles at birth
-secrete estrogen and progesterone
follicle
vital organ during follicular phase
-composed of an ovum surrounded by single layer of cells
-1000 develope, one emerges dominant
epithelium
forms protective barrier around ovum via tight junctions
follicular phase
one dominant ovum
-inc in size and matures for 14 days
-releases estrogen (nourishment)
follicular phase is stimulated by what hormone
FSH and LH
ovulation occurs when
follicle ruptures and ovum emerges
corpus luteum
vital organ during luteal phase
-developes from leftover follicle after ovulation
-releases progesterone
corpus luteum not pregnant
takes ten days to mature then degenerates
-starts cycle over
corpus luteum pregnant
continue to grow and release more progesterone
fallopian tubes
ciliated passageway for eggs from ovary to uterus
-site of fertilization
-ends in infundibulum
-peristalis
infundibulum
funnel shaped opening, containing fine hair around ovary
uterus
site of fetus growth/maturation
-ovum enters and implants
-able to expand for pregnancy
three layers of uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
perimetrium
outer layer of uterus
myometrium
middle layer of uetrus
endometrium
inner layer of uterus
-lining of uterus that is shed during menstruation
hysterectomy
removal of uterus
cervix
lower narrow muscular opening of uterus
-secretes lubricating mucous
-blocked by a plug during pregnancy
cervical dilation signals
signals labor begining
vagina
musuclar organ, accepts semen
-lined with glands to secrete mucous
-connects uterus to outside of body
-acidic
female arousal
musuclar walls dilate in order to stretch and relax
-propels sperm upwards
introitus
inside of the restibule, opening to innner vagina
hymen
membrane covering the introitus
clitoris
erectile tissue
-sensitive organ with a glans, many nerve endings
vulva
external genitalia
-folds called the labia majora and labia minora
-clitoris
-vestibular glands
vestibular glands
lie on either side of vaginal opening, secret fluids that lubricates/moistens opening of vagina
erection
parasympathetic nervous system
-deliver blood supply to erectile tissue
-arterioles dilate (rigid)
coupers gland secretes
mucous that aids in lubrication
ejaculation
stimulation crosses threshold, male orgasm
-muscles in genital ducts spasm
-sperm becomes mobile
how does the sperm become mobile
during ejaculation, as it is mixed with serections from accessory glands
two stages of ejaculation
emission and expulsion
emission (ejaculation)
gets semen into urethra to via accessory gland contraction
expulsion (ejaculation)
through urethra due to muscular contractions
estres
fertile period, with potential to become pregnant
-animals
gestation
time between fertilization and birth
how long does sperm live for
48 hours
how long is an ovulated egg fertile for
10-15 hours
prime time for intercourse to produce fertilization
window of two days prior to the ovulation fifteen hours
ovum transport
ovulation –> fallopian tube–> uterus
how long does ovum transport take
3-5 days
why does fertilization need to happen in fallopian tube
due to eggs short life span
sperm transport
-ejaculated into vagina
-orgasm contractions move sperm upwards
-flagella
flagella
propells sperm into fallopian tubes
how to dissolve membrane around egg
-need mulitple sperm
-acrosomal enzyme (capaciation)
fertilization
one single sperm penitrates the ovums outer wall
-nuclei unite
-chemical barrier stops other sperms from entering (blocks polysperm)
when does meiosis II occur
after fertilization
zygote
fusion of sperm and egg
-moves down tube (3-4 days)
morula
ball of cells
-reaches ueterus and floats around for a few days
blastocyst
bigger ball of cells
-implants into endometerial lining
-hollow
gastrula
blastocyst folds inwards and starts differentiating into cell layers
-different types of tissues
embyro
cells mass with in endometrium
-6 days, lasts 60
-major development of tissues and organs
fetus
devloped but not mature
-from 60 days until birth
-limited function
30 hours
first cell division
-clevage
48 hours
four cell stage
72 hours
eight cell stage
day 4
merula
day 5
blastocyst
day 6/7
implantation into endometrium
trophoblast layer
outer layer of sticky cells
-produces HCG
implantation
trophoblast layer contacts the endometrium and adheres
enzymes from trophoblast
break down endometrial tissue for embyro to embed
-tissue is used for nourishment/fuel as well
gastrulation
the process of folding so that the cells migrate into layers
ectoderm
forms skin, nerves, sense organs
ecto
outer
endo
inner
mesoderm
skeletal muslce, bones, blood, blood vessels, kidneys
endoderm
internal organs, GI tract, liver, lungs, smooth muscles
to form a multicellular organism need both
cell division (mitosis) and differentiation
what part of the blastula/gastrula becomes the embyro
space inside cell-blastocoel
morphogenesis
formation of body structure
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
-pregnancy hormone
-signals body is pregnant
what happens when blastocyst is implanted
-cell mass 2 layers thick (endo+ecto)
-extraembyronic membranes form
extraembyronic membranes
-yolk sac
-amnion
-allantois
neuralation
folding of the ectoderm
-creates neural tube
nervous system forming!
up to 8 weeks
major development/formation of other organs and tissues
3-4 weeks
extraembyronic membranes form
-yolk
-amnion
-allantois
notochord
eventually becomes the spine
fetal development starts at what week
nine weeks
nine weeks
systems are present but not functional/mature
3-4 months
-calcification of bones
5-7 months
-rapid growth and fetal movement
8-9 months
-rapid growth and weight gain
ammion
protection
-membrane around embyro
-amniotic fluid as shock absorber
-warm moist
-against infection
amniotic fluid acts as what
shock absorber
amniocentesis
samples amniotic fluid to detect birth defects
chorion
fetal 1/2 of placenta
-formed by outer cells of blastocyst
-secretes enzyme to digest uterine wall and implant embyro
what does the chorion produce (hormones)
HCG, estrogen and progesterone
yolk sac
vestigual
-produce blood cells until liver is functional
-disappears at six weeks
alantois
-provides blood vessels for placenta
-forms umbilical cord
-store nitrogen waste
placentation
edometrial capillaries is broken down
-blood can flow into splaces around the embyro
-for formations of blood vessels and capillaries in embyo
placenta
attached to umbellical cord
-made of chorion cells/endometrium
-absorptive
-excretory
-heat transfer
what does the placenta secrete
estrogen, progesterone, HCG and relaxin
the placenta seperates..
mother and fetal blood
-still allows nutrients and waste to be exchanged
placentas connection to the umbellical cord FUNCTION
-circulates fetal blood to/from placenta
-2 umbiical artories
-1 ambilical vein
chorionic villi
increases surface area for greater gas/nutrients/waste exchange
-in the placenta
umbillical circulation
is flipped, veins is oxygenated, arteries deoxygenated
maternal circulation
regular, veins is deoxygenated, arteries oxygenated
veins bring blood
back to the heart
arteries bring blood
away from the heat
excretory function
water balance, pH
hormone maintaining endometrium
progesterone and estrogen
-from corpus luteum
corpus luteum is mainted by
HCG
-from placenta
what do pregnancy tests detect
HCG
when do HCG levels drop
after second month
When HCG levels drop how is etrogen and progesterone being secreted
the placenta begins secreting estrogen and progesterone
foramen ovale
opening between L/R atria
-allows bloodflow imbetween
-mixed blood idea
ductus arteriosus
by pass pulmonary artery and aorta
differences in fetal circulation vs our own
-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosus
-blood flow to gut minimized
symptoms of pregnancy
-missed menstrual period
-increased urination
-morning sickness
-change in breast structure
-mood changes
breast structure changes
-areolae thickens and darkens
menopause
menstrual cycle ends due to eggs all used up
-hot flashes
-mood swings
trimester one
-all major systems form
-placenta develop
-major physical development
trimester 2
-feel movement
-major systems completed
-hair and eyelids
trimester 3
-rapid growth
-fat develops
-eyelids open
latent phase (stage 1)
-mom still tlaking
-progesterone decrease (triggers birthing process)
-oxytocin increase
-labour/contractions
-cervic effaces, plug expelled
oxytocin increase means
uterine contractions
active phase (stage one)
mom likely not talking
-amniotic membrane breaks (water breaks)
-baby shifts down in contact with cervix
-contractions increase less than 5 min apart
-cervix fully dilates to 10
pushing phase (stage two)
-relaxin allows pelvis ligaments to loosen
-crowning
-cervical canal forced open
crowning
babys head enters birth canal
afterbirth (stage three)
uterine contractions still happening, delivery of the placenta takes place
-contractions constrict blood vessels reducing blood loss
delivery levels of progesterone
-lowers
in order to allow for uterine contractions
hypothalamus during delivery
stimulates post pituitary to produce oxytocin
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions
-released by post pituitary
relaxin at delivery
relaxes and softens cervix/ligaments on pelvic bone
-from the placenta
oxytocin drip
may be used to speed up labour
-milk RELEASE
mammary glands
-found on the breast, tissue that is able to produce milk
both male and females contain these glands
what stimulates breast developemnet (hormone)
ovarian hormones
ovarian hormones make what happen in the breast?
breast development
-alveolar glands and ducts enlarge
-fatty adipose tissue deposited
what happens to breasts during pregnancy
breasts enlarge
-fat deposits increase
fatty tissue is replaced by (during/after pregnancy)
glandular tissue
prolactin
promotoes milk production alveolar ducts
-ant pituitary
prolactin during pregnancy
prolactin increases during pregnancy
-prog and estrogen stunts milk production
how does milk production initiate
when placenta is removed after delivery, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease and then the prolactin is able ot initiate
colostrums
promotes healthy immune system
-first fluid released in lactation
suckling reflex
suckling motion stimulates release of oxytocin
-breast muscle
what happens if milk is not removed
breast can get enlgarged and painful
puberty
reproductive organs mature and procreation becomes possible
puberty alterations of brain functions
hypothalamus releasing factors (FSH and LH)
stimulations of testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
male puberty
-sperm production
-sexual organs enlarge/functional
-second degree sex characteristics
-increased sex drive
female puberty
-follicle development/eggs produced
-breasts enlarged
-secondary sex characterstics
-increased sex drive
-onset of menstruation
