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reproductive unit Flashcards

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1
Q

gonads

A

reproductive organs
-testies
-ovaries

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2
Q

functions of the gonads

A

-produce reproductive cells
-secretion of sex hormones

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3
Q

the reproductive cells

A

sperm and ova

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4
Q

sex hormones

A

-testosterone
-progesterone
-estrogen

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5
Q

second degree sex characteristics

A

physical/external differences
-puberty

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6
Q

male second degree sex characterstics

A

-facial/bodily hair
-lower voice
-broad shoulders
-higher levels of testosterone

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7
Q

female second degree sex characterstics

A

-inc body fat
-development of breasts
-higher vocal pitch
-widening of pelvis

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8
Q

primary degree sex characterstics

A

-penis and testies
-uterus and ovaries

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9
Q

what type of sex characteristic is breast development?

A

second degree

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10
Q

what is formed after conception

A

zygote
-xx
-xy

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11
Q

default development after conception

A

-female
up to seven weeks no difference between gender, then SRY to activate Y chromosome

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12
Q

SRY gene

A

-inhibit certain components of X chromosome
-physical differences in male

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13
Q

essential purpose of Y chromosome

A

changes ‘direction’ of development
-fetus has base features
-now more specialized male features

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14
Q

descending testes

A

into scrotum at birth
-if not then aided by gubernaculum

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15
Q

inglinal hernia

A

space balls leave may experience hernia, later in life

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16
Q

cryptorhidism

A

if balls do not descend
-sterility

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17
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produces sperm in spermatogenic cells
-coiled
-area of testicular cancer
-solid until puberty (lutenizing hormone)

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18
Q

sertoli cells

A

support, nurish and regulate spermatogenic cells
-protect by forming blood testies barrier
-intersitial cells

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19
Q

intersitial cells

A

produce testosterone

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20
Q

scrotum

A

skin sac that contains testies
-protects sperm due to lower temp

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21
Q

epididymus

A

site of sperm maturation
-sperm develop fiagella and swimming motions
-compacted tube attached to outer testies
-some sperm destroyed by immune system

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22
Q

fiagella

A

aids sperm to swim, whip like tail

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23
Q

vas defrens

A

muscular contractions propel sperm
-tube connecting epididymus to urethra

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24
Q

glands producing semen

A

seminal vesticles
prostate gland
coupers gland

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25
Q

seminal vesticles

A

secrete altaline fluid into ejaculatory duct
.fructose
.citris acid
.hormones
.mucous
-base of bladder

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26
Q

fructose in seminal vesticles

A

provide energy to sperm

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27
Q

citric acid in seminla vesticles

A

dissolve cervical mucous

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28
Q

hormones in seminla vesticles function

A

stimulate uterine contractions to propel sperm up uterus

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29
Q

mucous in seminal vesticles/coupers gland

A

lubrication

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30
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes alkaline buffer
-protects sperm from acidity of vagina
-milky fluid for sperm motility
-propel sperm by muscular contractions

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31
Q

seminal vesticles four major elements

A

-fructose
-citris acid
-hormones
-mucous

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32
Q

coupers gland

A

prepares sperm for changing enviroment of vagina
-mucous
-clear urethra of urine

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33
Q

FSH in males

A

stimulates spermatogenesis in testies
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by GnRH

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34
Q

lutenizing hormone in males

A

stimulate testosterone production
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by hypothalamus

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35
Q

testosterone

A

-stimulates spermatogenesis
-sex drive
-secondary sex characterstics
-promotes growth

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36
Q

where is testosterone produced

A

interstitual cells

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37
Q

gonadotroping releasing hormone in males

A

acts on anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
-active at puberty
-secreted by hypothalamus

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38
Q

what cells do FSH affect

A

sertoli cells

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39
Q

FSH in females

A

estrogen production/follicles in ovaries
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by GnRH

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40
Q

LH in females

A

controls ovulation
-maintains corpus luteum
-controlled by GnRH
-produced by anterior pituitary

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41
Q

estrogen

A

controls thickening of endometrium
-helps follicle to mature
-inc LH/inhibits FSH
-secreted by follice and corpus leutum

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42
Q

endometrium

A

inner lining of uterus

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43
Q

were is estrogen produced

A

follice and corpus leutum

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44
Q

progesterone

A

endometrium thickening
inhibits FSH/gradual LH
-inhibits contractions (pregnancy)
-secreted by corpus leutum (maturation)

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45
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

corpus leutum

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46
Q

gonadotroping releasing hormone in females

A

trigger anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
-released by hypothalamus

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47
Q

ovaries

A

-descend from same location as testes, remain inside
-2 mil follicles at birth
-secrete estrogen and progesterone

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48
Q

follicle

A

vital organ during follicular phase
-composed of an ovum surrounded by single layer of cells
-1000 develope, one emerges dominant

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49
Q

epithelium

A

forms protective barrier around ovum via tight junctions

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50
Q

follicular phase

A

one dominant ovum
-inc in size and matures for 14 days
-releases estrogen (nourishment)

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51
Q

follicular phase is stimulated by what hormone

A

FSH and LH

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52
Q

ovulation occurs when

A

follicle ruptures and ovum emerges

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53
Q

corpus luteum

A

vital organ during luteal phase
-developes from leftover follicle after ovulation
-releases progesterone

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54
Q

corpus luteum not pregnant

A

takes ten days to mature then degenerates
-starts cycle over

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55
Q

corpus luteum pregnant

A

continue to grow and release more progesterone

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56
Q

fallopian tubes

A

ciliated passageway for eggs from ovary to uterus
-site of fertilization
-ends in infundibulum
-peristalis

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57
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel shaped opening, containing fine hair around ovary

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58
Q

uterus

A

site of fetus growth/maturation
-ovum enters and implants
-able to expand for pregnancy

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59
Q

three layers of uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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60
Q

perimetrium

A

outer layer of uterus

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61
Q

myometrium

A

middle layer of uetrus

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62
Q

endometrium

A

inner layer of uterus
-lining of uterus that is shed during menstruation

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63
Q

hysterectomy

A

removal of uterus

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64
Q

cervix

A

lower narrow muscular opening of uterus
-secretes lubricating mucous
-blocked by a plug during pregnancy

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65
Q

cervical dilation signals

A

signals labor begining

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66
Q

vagina

A

musuclar organ, accepts semen
-lined with glands to secrete mucous
-connects uterus to outside of body
-acidic

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67
Q

female arousal

A

musuclar walls dilate in order to stretch and relax
-propels sperm upwards

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68
Q

introitus

A

inside of the restibule, opening to innner vagina

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69
Q

hymen

A

membrane covering the introitus

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70
Q

clitoris

A

erectile tissue
-sensitive organ with a glans, many nerve endings

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71
Q

vulva

A

external genitalia
-folds called the labia majora and labia minora
-clitoris
-vestibular glands

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72
Q

vestibular glands

A

lie on either side of vaginal opening, secret fluids that lubricates/moistens opening of vagina

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73
Q

erection

A

parasympathetic nervous system
-deliver blood supply to erectile tissue
-arterioles dilate (rigid)

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74
Q

coupers gland secretes

A

mucous that aids in lubrication

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75
Q

ejaculation

A

stimulation crosses threshold, male orgasm
-muscles in genital ducts spasm
-sperm becomes mobile

76
Q

how does the sperm become mobile

A

during ejaculation, as it is mixed with serections from accessory glands

77
Q

two stages of ejaculation

A

emission and expulsion

78
Q

emission (ejaculation)

A

gets semen into urethra to via accessory gland contraction

79
Q

expulsion (ejaculation)

A

through urethra due to muscular contractions

80
Q

estres

A

fertile period, with potential to become pregnant
-animals

81
Q

gestation

A

time between fertilization and birth

82
Q

how long does sperm live for

A

48 hours

83
Q

how long is an ovulated egg fertile for

A

10-15 hours

84
Q

prime time for intercourse to produce fertilization

A

window of two days prior to the ovulation fifteen hours

85
Q

ovum transport

A

ovulation –> fallopian tube–> uterus

86
Q

how long does ovum transport take

A

3-5 days

87
Q

why does fertilization need to happen in fallopian tube

A

due to eggs short life span

88
Q

sperm transport

A

-ejaculated into vagina
-orgasm contractions move sperm upwards
-flagella

89
Q

flagella

A

propells sperm into fallopian tubes

90
Q

how to dissolve membrane around egg

A

-need mulitple sperm
-acrosomal enzyme (capaciation)

91
Q

fertilization

A

one single sperm penitrates the ovums outer wall
-nuclei unite
-chemical barrier stops other sperms from entering (blocks polysperm)

92
Q

when does meiosis II occur

A

after fertilization

93
Q

zygote

A

fusion of sperm and egg
-moves down tube (3-4 days)

94
Q

morula

A

ball of cells
-reaches ueterus and floats around for a few days

95
Q

blastocyst

A

bigger ball of cells
-implants into endometerial lining
-hollow

96
Q

gastrula

A

blastocyst folds inwards and starts differentiating into cell layers
-different types of tissues

97
Q

embyro

A

cells mass with in endometrium
-6 days, lasts 60
-major development of tissues and organs

98
Q

fetus

A

devloped but not mature
-from 60 days until birth
-limited function

99
Q

30 hours

A

first cell division
-clevage

100
Q

48 hours

A

four cell stage

101
Q

72 hours

A

eight cell stage

102
Q

day 4

A

merula

103
Q

day 5

A

blastocyst

104
Q

day 6/7

A

implantation into endometrium

105
Q

trophoblast layer

A

outer layer of sticky cells
-produces HCG

106
Q

implantation

A

trophoblast layer contacts the endometrium and adheres

107
Q

enzymes from trophoblast

A

break down endometrial tissue for embyro to embed
-tissue is used for nourishment/fuel as well

108
Q

gastrulation

A

the process of folding so that the cells migrate into layers

109
Q

ectoderm

A

forms skin, nerves, sense organs

110
Q

ecto

A

outer

111
Q

endo

A

inner

112
Q

mesoderm

A

skeletal muslce, bones, blood, blood vessels, kidneys

113
Q

endoderm

A

internal organs, GI tract, liver, lungs, smooth muscles

114
Q

to form a multicellular organism need both

A

cell division (mitosis) and differentiation

115
Q

what part of the blastula/gastrula becomes the embyro

A

space inside cell-blastocoel

116
Q

morphogenesis

A

formation of body structure

117
Q

HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin
-pregnancy hormone
-signals body is pregnant

118
Q

what happens when blastocyst is implanted

A

-cell mass 2 layers thick (endo+ecto)
-extraembyronic membranes form

119
Q

extraembyronic membranes

A

-yolk sac
-amnion
-allantois

120
Q

neuralation

A

folding of the ectoderm
-creates neural tube
nervous system forming!

121
Q

up to 8 weeks

A

major development/formation of other organs and tissues

122
Q

3-4 weeks

A

extraembyronic membranes form
-yolk
-amnion
-allantois

123
Q

notochord

A

eventually becomes the spine

124
Q

fetal development starts at what week

A

nine weeks

125
Q

nine weeks

A

systems are present but not functional/mature

126
Q

3-4 months

A

-calcification of bones

127
Q

5-7 months

A

-rapid growth and fetal movement

128
Q

8-9 months

A

-rapid growth and weight gain

129
Q

ammion

A

protection
-membrane around embyro
-amniotic fluid as shock absorber
-warm moist
-against infection

130
Q

amniotic fluid acts as what

A

shock absorber

131
Q

amniocentesis

A

samples amniotic fluid to detect birth defects

132
Q

chorion

A

fetal 1/2 of placenta
-formed by outer cells of blastocyst
-secretes enzyme to digest uterine wall and implant embyro

133
Q

what does the chorion produce (hormones)

A

HCG, estrogen and progesterone

134
Q

yolk sac

A

vestigual
-produce blood cells until liver is functional
-disappears at six weeks

135
Q

alantois

A

-provides blood vessels for placenta
-forms umbilical cord
-store nitrogen waste

136
Q

placentation

A

edometrial capillaries is broken down
-blood can flow into splaces around the embyro
-for formations of blood vessels and capillaries in embyo

137
Q

placenta

A

attached to umbellical cord
-made of chorion cells/endometrium
-absorptive
-excretory
-heat transfer

138
Q

what does the placenta secrete

A

estrogen, progesterone, HCG and relaxin

139
Q

the placenta seperates..

A

mother and fetal blood
-still allows nutrients and waste to be exchanged

140
Q

placentas connection to the umbellical cord FUNCTION

A

-circulates fetal blood to/from placenta
-2 umbiical artories
-1 ambilical vein

141
Q

chorionic villi

A

increases surface area for greater gas/nutrients/waste exchange
-in the placenta

142
Q

umbillical circulation

A

is flipped, veins is oxygenated, arteries deoxygenated

143
Q

maternal circulation

A

regular, veins is deoxygenated, arteries oxygenated

144
Q

veins bring blood

A

back to the heart

145
Q

arteries bring blood

A

away from the heat

146
Q

excretory function

A

water balance, pH

147
Q

hormone maintaining endometrium

A

progesterone and estrogen
-from corpus luteum

148
Q

corpus luteum is mainted by

A

HCG
-from placenta

149
Q

what do pregnancy tests detect

A

HCG

150
Q

when do HCG levels drop

A

after second month

151
Q

When HCG levels drop how is etrogen and progesterone being secreted

A

the placenta begins secreting estrogen and progesterone

152
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening between L/R atria
-allows bloodflow imbetween
-mixed blood idea

153
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

by pass pulmonary artery and aorta

154
Q

differences in fetal circulation vs our own

A

-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosus
-blood flow to gut minimized

155
Q

symptoms of pregnancy

A

-missed menstrual period
-increased urination
-morning sickness
-change in breast structure
-mood changes

156
Q

breast structure changes

A

-areolae thickens and darkens

157
Q

menopause

A

menstrual cycle ends due to eggs all used up
-hot flashes
-mood swings

158
Q

trimester one

A

-all major systems form
-placenta develop
-major physical development

159
Q

trimester 2

A

-feel movement
-major systems completed
-hair and eyelids

160
Q

trimester 3

A

-rapid growth
-fat develops
-eyelids open

161
Q

latent phase (stage 1)

A

-mom still tlaking
-progesterone decrease (triggers birthing process)
-oxytocin increase
-labour/contractions
-cervic effaces, plug expelled

162
Q

oxytocin increase means

A

uterine contractions

163
Q

active phase (stage one)

A

mom likely not talking
-amniotic membrane breaks (water breaks)
-baby shifts down in contact with cervix
-contractions increase less than 5 min apart
-cervix fully dilates to 10

164
Q

pushing phase (stage two)

A

-relaxin allows pelvis ligaments to loosen
-crowning
-cervical canal forced open

165
Q

crowning

A

babys head enters birth canal

166
Q

afterbirth (stage three)

A

uterine contractions still happening, delivery of the placenta takes place
-contractions constrict blood vessels reducing blood loss

167
Q

delivery levels of progesterone

A

-lowers
in order to allow for uterine contractions

168
Q

hypothalamus during delivery

A

stimulates post pituitary to produce oxytocin

169
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions
-released by post pituitary

170
Q

relaxin at delivery

A

relaxes and softens cervix/ligaments on pelvic bone
-from the placenta

171
Q

oxytocin drip

A

may be used to speed up labour
-milk RELEASE

172
Q

mammary glands

A

-found on the breast, tissue that is able to produce milk
both male and females contain these glands

173
Q

what stimulates breast developemnet (hormone)

A

ovarian hormones

174
Q

ovarian hormones make what happen in the breast?

A

breast development
-alveolar glands and ducts enlarge
-fatty adipose tissue deposited

175
Q

what happens to breasts during pregnancy

A

breasts enlarge
-fat deposits increase

176
Q

fatty tissue is replaced by (during/after pregnancy)

A

glandular tissue

177
Q

prolactin

A

promotoes milk production alveolar ducts
-ant pituitary

178
Q

prolactin during pregnancy

A

prolactin increases during pregnancy
-prog and estrogen stunts milk production

179
Q

how does milk production initiate

A

when placenta is removed after delivery, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease and then the prolactin is able ot initiate

180
Q

colostrums

A

promotes healthy immune system
-first fluid released in lactation

181
Q

suckling reflex

A

suckling motion stimulates release of oxytocin
-breast muscle

182
Q

what happens if milk is not removed

A

breast can get enlgarged and painful

183
Q

puberty

A

reproductive organs mature and procreation becomes possible

184
Q

puberty alterations of brain functions

A

hypothalamus releasing factors (FSH and LH)
stimulations of testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

185
Q

male puberty

A

-sperm production
-sexual organs enlarge/functional
-second degree sex characteristics
-increased sex drive

186
Q

female puberty

A

-follicle development/eggs produced
-breasts enlarged
-secondary sex characterstics
-increased sex drive
-onset of menstruation

biology 30 (8 decks)

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