reproductive unit Flashcards
1
Q
gonads
A
reproductive organs
-testies
-ovaries
2
Q
functions of the gonads
A
-produce reproductive cells
-secretion of sex hormones
3
Q
the reproductive cells
A
sperm and ova
4
Q
sex hormones
A
-testosterone
-progesterone
-estrogen
5
Q
second degree sex characteristics
A
physical/external differences
-puberty
6
Q
male second degree sex characterstics
A
-facial/bodily hair
-lower voice
-broad shoulders
-higher levels of testosterone
7
Q
female second degree sex characterstics
A
-inc body fat
-development of breasts
-higher vocal pitch
-widening of pelvis
8
Q
primary degree sex characterstics
A
-penis and testies
-uterus and ovaries
9
Q
what type of sex characteristic is breast development?
A
second degree
10
Q
what is formed after conception
A
zygote
-xx
-xy
11
Q
default development after conception
A
-female
up to seven weeks no difference between gender, then SRY to activate Y chromosome
12
Q
SRY gene
A
-inhibit certain components of X chromosome
-physical differences in male
13
Q
essential purpose of Y chromosome
A
changes ‘direction’ of development
-fetus has base features
-now more specialized male features
14
Q
descending testes
A
into scrotum at birth
-if not then aided by gubernaculum
15
Q
inglinal hernia
A
space balls leave may experience hernia, later in life
16
Q
cryptorhidism
A
if balls do not descend
-sterility
17
Q
seminiferous tubules
A
produces sperm in spermatogenic cells
-coiled
-area of testicular cancer
-solid until puberty (lutenizing hormone)
18
Q
sertoli cells
A
support, nurish and regulate spermatogenic cells
-protect by forming blood testies barrier
-intersitial cells
19
Q
intersitial cells
A
produce testosterone
20
Q
scrotum
A
skin sac that contains testies
-protects sperm due to lower temp
21
Q
epididymus
A
site of sperm maturation
-sperm develop fiagella and swimming motions
-compacted tube attached to outer testies
-some sperm destroyed by immune system
22
Q
fiagella
A
aids sperm to swim, whip like tail
23
Q
vas defrens
A
muscular contractions propel sperm
-tube connecting epididymus to urethra
24
Q
glands producing semen
A
seminal vesticles
prostate gland
coupers gland
25
seminal vesticles
secrete altaline fluid into ejaculatory duct
.fructose
.citris acid
.hormones
.mucous
-base of bladder
26
fructose in seminal vesticles
provide energy to sperm
27
citric acid in seminla vesticles
dissolve cervical mucous
28
hormones in seminla vesticles function
stimulate uterine contractions to propel sperm up uterus
29
mucous in seminal vesticles/coupers gland
lubrication
30
prostate gland
secretes alkaline buffer
-protects sperm from acidity of vagina
-milky fluid for sperm motility
-propel sperm by muscular contractions
31
seminal vesticles four major elements
-fructose
-citris acid
-hormones
-mucous
32
coupers gland
prepares sperm for changing enviroment of vagina
-mucous
-clear urethra of urine
33
FSH in males
stimulates spermatogenesis in testies
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by GnRH
34
lutenizing hormone in males
stimulate testosterone production
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by hypothalamus
35
testosterone
-stimulates spermatogenesis
-sex drive
-secondary sex characterstics
-promotes growth
36
where is testosterone produced
interstitual cells
37
gonadotroping releasing hormone in males
acts on anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
-active at puberty
-secreted by hypothalamus
38
what cells do FSH affect
sertoli cells
39
FSH in females
estrogen production/follicles in ovaries
-anterior pituitary
-controlled by GnRH
40
LH in females
controls ovulation
-maintains corpus luteum
-controlled by GnRH
-produced by anterior pituitary
41
estrogen
controls thickening of endometrium
-helps follicle to mature
-inc LH/inhibits FSH
-secreted by follice and corpus leutum
42
endometrium
inner lining of uterus
43
were is estrogen produced
follice and corpus leutum
44
progesterone
endometrium thickening
inhibits FSH/gradual LH
-inhibits contractions (pregnancy)
-secreted by corpus leutum (maturation)
45
where is progesterone produced
corpus leutum
46
gonadotroping releasing hormone in females
trigger anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
-released by hypothalamus
47
ovaries
-descend from same location as testes, remain inside
-2 mil follicles at birth
-secrete estrogen and progesterone
48
follicle
vital organ during follicular phase
-composed of an ovum surrounded by single layer of cells
-1000 develope, one emerges dominant
49
epithelium
forms protective barrier around ovum via tight junctions
50
follicular phase
one dominant ovum
-inc in size and matures for 14 days
-releases estrogen (nourishment)
51
follicular phase is stimulated by what hormone
FSH and LH
52
ovulation occurs when
follicle ruptures and ovum emerges
53
corpus luteum
vital organ during luteal phase
-developes from leftover follicle after ovulation
-releases progesterone
54
corpus luteum not pregnant
takes ten days to mature then degenerates
-starts cycle over
55
corpus luteum pregnant
continue to grow and release more progesterone
56
fallopian tubes
ciliated passageway for eggs from ovary to uterus
-site of fertilization
-ends in infundibulum
-peristalis
57
infundibulum
funnel shaped opening, containing fine hair around ovary
58
uterus
site of fetus growth/maturation
-ovum enters and implants
-able to expand for pregnancy
59
three layers of uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
60
perimetrium
outer layer of uterus
61
myometrium
middle layer of uetrus
62
endometrium
inner layer of uterus
-lining of uterus that is shed during menstruation
63
hysterectomy
removal of uterus
64
cervix
lower narrow muscular opening of uterus
-secretes lubricating mucous
-blocked by a plug during pregnancy
65
cervical dilation signals
signals labor begining
66
vagina
musuclar organ, accepts semen
-lined with glands to secrete mucous
-connects uterus to outside of body
-acidic
67
female arousal
musuclar walls dilate in order to stretch and relax
-propels sperm upwards
68
introitus
inside of the restibule, opening to innner vagina
69
hymen
membrane covering the introitus
70
clitoris
erectile tissue
-sensitive organ with a glans, many nerve endings
71
vulva
external genitalia
-folds called the labia majora and labia minora
-clitoris
-vestibular glands
72
vestibular glands
lie on either side of vaginal opening, secret fluids that lubricates/moistens opening of vagina
73
erection
parasympathetic nervous system
-deliver blood supply to erectile tissue
-arterioles dilate (rigid)
74
coupers gland secretes
mucous that aids in lubrication
75
ejaculation
stimulation crosses threshold, male orgasm
-muscles in genital ducts spasm
-sperm becomes mobile
76
how does the sperm become mobile
during ejaculation, as it is mixed with serections from accessory glands
77
two stages of ejaculation
emission and expulsion
78
emission (ejaculation)
gets semen into urethra to via accessory gland contraction
79
expulsion (ejaculation)
through urethra due to muscular contractions
80
estres
fertile period, with potential to become pregnant
-animals
81
gestation
time between fertilization and birth
82
how long does sperm live for
48 hours
83
how long is an ovulated egg fertile for
10-15 hours
84
prime time for intercourse to produce fertilization
window of two days prior to the ovulation fifteen hours
85
ovum transport
ovulation --> fallopian tube--> uterus
86
how long does ovum transport take
3-5 days
87
why does fertilization need to happen in fallopian tube
due to eggs short life span
88
sperm transport
-ejaculated into vagina
-orgasm contractions move sperm upwards
-flagella
89
flagella
propells sperm into fallopian tubes
90
how to dissolve membrane around egg
-need mulitple sperm
-acrosomal enzyme (capaciation)
91
fertilization
one single sperm penitrates the ovums outer wall
-nuclei unite
-chemical barrier stops other sperms from entering (blocks polysperm)
92
when does meiosis II occur
after fertilization
93
zygote
fusion of sperm and egg
-moves down tube (3-4 days)
94
morula
ball of cells
-reaches ueterus and floats around for a few days
95
blastocyst
bigger ball of cells
-implants into endometerial lining
-hollow
96
gastrula
blastocyst folds inwards and starts differentiating into cell layers
-different types of tissues
97
embyro
cells mass with in endometrium
-6 days, lasts 60
-major development of tissues and organs
98
fetus
devloped but not mature
-from 60 days until birth
-limited function
99
30 hours
first cell division
-clevage
100
48 hours
four cell stage
101
72 hours
eight cell stage
102
day 4
merula
103
day 5
blastocyst
104
day 6/7
implantation into endometrium
105
trophoblast layer
outer layer of sticky cells
-produces HCG
106
implantation
trophoblast layer contacts the endometrium and adheres
107
enzymes from trophoblast
break down endometrial tissue for embyro to embed
-tissue is used for nourishment/fuel as well
108
gastrulation
the process of folding so that the cells migrate into layers
109
ectoderm
forms skin, nerves, sense organs
110
ecto
outer
111
endo
inner
112
mesoderm
skeletal muslce, bones, blood, blood vessels, kidneys
113
endoderm
internal organs, GI tract, liver, lungs, smooth muscles
114
to form a multicellular organism need both
cell division (mitosis) and differentiation
115
what part of the blastula/gastrula becomes the embyro
space inside cell-blastocoel
116
morphogenesis
formation of body structure
117
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
-pregnancy hormone
-signals body is pregnant
118
what happens when blastocyst is implanted
-cell mass 2 layers thick (endo+ecto)
-extraembyronic membranes form
119
extraembyronic membranes
-yolk sac
-amnion
-allantois
120
neuralation
folding of the ectoderm
-creates neural tube
nervous system forming!
121
up to 8 weeks
major development/formation of other organs and tissues
122
3-4 weeks
extraembyronic membranes form
-yolk
-amnion
-allantois
123
notochord
eventually becomes the spine
124
fetal development starts at what week
nine weeks
125
nine weeks
systems are present but not functional/mature
126
3-4 months
-calcification of bones
127
5-7 months
-rapid growth and fetal movement
128
8-9 months
-rapid growth and weight gain
129
ammion
protection
-membrane around embyro
-amniotic fluid as shock absorber
-warm moist
-against infection
130
amniotic fluid acts as what
shock absorber
131
amniocentesis
samples amniotic fluid to detect birth defects
132
chorion
fetal 1/2 of placenta
-formed by outer cells of blastocyst
-secretes enzyme to digest uterine wall and implant embyro
133
what does the chorion produce (hormones)
HCG, estrogen and progesterone
134
yolk sac
vestigual
-produce blood cells until liver is functional
-disappears at six weeks
135
alantois
-provides blood vessels for placenta
-forms umbilical cord
-store nitrogen waste
136
placentation
edometrial capillaries is broken down
-blood can flow into splaces around the embyro
-for formations of blood vessels and capillaries in embyo
137
placenta
attached to umbellical cord
-made of chorion cells/endometrium
-absorptive
-excretory
-heat transfer
138
what does the placenta secrete
estrogen, progesterone, HCG and relaxin
139
the placenta seperates..
mother and fetal blood
-still allows nutrients and waste to be exchanged
140
placentas connection to the umbellical cord FUNCTION
-circulates fetal blood to/from placenta
-2 umbiical artories
-1 ambilical vein
141
chorionic villi
increases surface area for greater gas/nutrients/waste exchange
-in the placenta
142
umbillical circulation
is flipped, veins is oxygenated, arteries deoxygenated
143
maternal circulation
regular, veins is deoxygenated, arteries oxygenated
144
veins bring blood
back to the heart
145
arteries bring blood
away from the heat
146
excretory function
water balance, pH
147
hormone maintaining endometrium
progesterone and estrogen
-from corpus luteum
148
corpus luteum is mainted by
HCG
-from placenta
149
what do pregnancy tests detect
HCG
150
when do HCG levels drop
after second month
151
When HCG levels drop how is etrogen and progesterone being secreted
the placenta begins secreting estrogen and progesterone
152
foramen ovale
opening between L/R atria
-allows bloodflow imbetween
-mixed blood idea
153
ductus arteriosus
by pass pulmonary artery and aorta
154
differences in fetal circulation vs our own
-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosus
-blood flow to gut minimized
155
symptoms of pregnancy
-missed menstrual period
-increased urination
-morning sickness
-change in breast structure
-mood changes
156
breast structure changes
-areolae thickens and darkens
157
menopause
menstrual cycle ends due to eggs all used up
-hot flashes
-mood swings
158
trimester one
-all major systems form
-placenta develop
-major physical development
159
trimester 2
-feel movement
-major systems completed
-hair and eyelids
160
trimester 3
-rapid growth
-fat develops
-eyelids open
161
latent phase (stage 1)
-mom still tlaking
-progesterone decrease (triggers birthing process)
-oxytocin increase
-labour/contractions
-cervic effaces, plug expelled
162
oxytocin increase means
uterine contractions
163
active phase (stage one)
mom likely not talking
-amniotic membrane breaks (water breaks)
-baby shifts down in contact with cervix
-contractions increase less than 5 min apart
-cervix fully dilates to 10
164
pushing phase (stage two)
-relaxin allows pelvis ligaments to loosen
-crowning
-cervical canal forced open
165
crowning
babys head enters birth canal
166
afterbirth (stage three)
uterine contractions still happening, delivery of the placenta takes place
-contractions constrict blood vessels reducing blood loss
167
delivery levels of progesterone
-lowers
in order to allow for uterine contractions
168
hypothalamus during delivery
stimulates post pituitary to produce oxytocin
169
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions
-released by post pituitary
170
relaxin at delivery
relaxes and softens cervix/ligaments on pelvic bone
-from the placenta
171
oxytocin drip
may be used to speed up labour
-milk RELEASE
172
mammary glands
-found on the breast, tissue that is able to produce milk
both male and females contain these glands
173
what stimulates breast developemnet (hormone)
ovarian hormones
174
ovarian hormones make what happen in the breast?
breast development
-alveolar glands and ducts enlarge
-fatty adipose tissue deposited
175
what happens to breasts during pregnancy
breasts enlarge
-fat deposits increase
176
fatty tissue is replaced by (during/after pregnancy)
glandular tissue
177
prolactin
promotoes milk production alveolar ducts
-ant pituitary
178
prolactin during pregnancy
prolactin increases during pregnancy
-prog and estrogen stunts milk production
179
how does milk production initiate
when placenta is removed after delivery, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease and then the prolactin is able ot initiate
180
colostrums
promotes healthy immune system
-first fluid released in lactation
181
suckling reflex
suckling motion stimulates release of oxytocin
-breast muscle
182
what happens if milk is not removed
breast can get enlgarged and painful
183
puberty
reproductive organs mature and procreation becomes possible
184
puberty alterations of brain functions
hypothalamus releasing factors (FSH and LH)
stimulations of testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
185
male puberty
-sperm production
-sexual organs enlarge/functional
-second degree sex characteristics
-increased sex drive
186
female puberty
-follicle development/eggs produced
-breasts enlarged
-secondary sex characterstics
-increased sex drive
-onset of menstruation
