neuro system Flashcards
1
Q
snervous system
A
-co-ordinated actions/interpret sensory by transmitting signals to the body
2
Q
endocrine system
A
-system of glands that produce hormones (chemical messages)
-regulate processes
3
Q
nervous system two main divisions
A
-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system
4
Q
central nervous systems
A
-brain
-spinal cord
5
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
-sensory nerves (intake info)
-motornerves (out put info)
*provides connections between CNS and rest of the body
6
Q
sensory nerves
A
(IN)
-picks up sensory stimuli
-sight, hearing, smell, touch
7
Q
motor nerves
A
-dierctions from brain to muscles and glands (OUT)
8
Q
somatic nervous system
A
under voluntary control, assosciate with skeletal muscle
9
Q
sensory + motor nerves
A
ligament movement, winking, walking
10
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
involuntary control, body processes
-heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, arousal
11
Q
divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A
-sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic nervous system
12
Q
divisions of the peripheral nervous system
A
-somatic
-autonomic
13
Q
-sympathetic nervous system
A
prepare the body “for stress”
-increases organ activity
-adrenaline
14
Q
parasympathetic nervous system
A
returns body to “normal”
-bringing you back down
-decreases organ activity
-digestion
15
Q
nervous systems –>
A
central and peripheral
16
Q
peripheral system –>
A
somatic and autonomic
17
Q
autonomic system –>
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
18
Q
support cell
A
-neuroglin
-structural/metabolism support
19
Q
neurons
A
transmit electrical signal throughout
20
Q
neurons
A
transmit electrical signal throughout
-structural and functional unit of the nervous system
21
Q
parts of a neuron
A
-cell body (soma)
-nucleus
-dendrites
-axon
-myelin sheath
-nodes of ranvier
-axon terminal
22
Q
dendrites
A
one or more projections of the cytoplasm
-conduct impulses from specialized receptors/other nerve cells
23
Q
axon
A
long cytoplasmic extension from soma
-conducts impulses from soma to other nerves
-can extend to 1m in length
-very thin
24
Q
myelin sheath
A
protects neuron and conducts impulses faster
-fatty protein
-insulator/speeds up nerve
-made up of schwann cells wrapped around axons
25
nodes of ranvier
area between sections of myelin
-exposes the neuron membrane to external enviroment
-jumps from node to node (speeding up)
26
axon to terminal
carry nerve impulses from axon to end of nerve cell
-release neurotransmitter to pass message onto next neuron
27
myelinated axons
-all neurons in peripheral nervous system
-white matter in central nervous system
-myelinated by oligodrocytes
28
unmyelinated axons
no myelin sheath
-grey matter in central nervous system
29
conductivity in regards to the axon (size)
the larger the diamter of the axon, the faster the impulse
-faster in myelinated axons
-depolarized at nodes of ranvier
30
saitatory conduction
current from one node to node
31
difference between white and grey matter
-only white matter can regenerate at all
-grey matter cannot regenerate, any damage is permanent
32
three types of neurons based function
-sensory neurons
-interneurons
-motorneurons
33
sensory neurons
IN
-afferent
-transmit info about enviroment
-realy infor from sensory nodes
-longer dendrites, shorter axons
-involves senses
34
interneurons
MIDDLE
-link neurons in the body by carrying impulses
-completely within central nervous system
-INTEGRATE AND INETRPERATE sensory info, connect to outgoing
35
motorneurons
EXIT
-relay info from central nervous system, then causes things to happen
-longer axon shorter dendrites
-cell body in central nervous system
36
two different neural circuits
-sensory neurons to brain to effector neuron
-reflex arc, no brain (automatic)
37
membrane potentials
difference in charge
higher charge = higher voltage
38
sodium potassium pump
-creates polarized
-2 potassium in, 3 sodium out
-neuron is negative, outside is positive
39
oscilloscope
measures membrane differences
40
neuron resting potential
sodium wants in, potassium wants out
-negative chagre
-membrane is polarized
41
action potential
neurons become active/excited by a stimulus
- brief depolarize to trigger channels to open
42
three parts to an impulse
-polarized impulse
-depolarized membrane
-repolarization
43
polarized impulse
-resting cell
-more sodium outside and potassium inside
due to NA/K pump and diffusion potential
44
depolarized
-channels open, sodium in
-cell becomes positive
-action potential
45
repolarization
channel pushes out potassium to rebalance
-prepares cell for new AP
46
refractory period
time needed to become repolarized
-membrane is not responsive to another stimulus
47
threshold
intensity of stimulus needed to produce an action potential
-must be strong enought o depolarize the entire membrane
ALL OR NOTHING
48
stimulus strenght determined
by number of an action potential or frequency of impulses
49
transmission
strength of stimulus remains constant as it travels along axon
50
hyperpolarization
voltage drops too far turns on SPP to rebalance
-harder to achieve AP
51
neural fatigue
occurs when all the NA is inside and all the K is outside
52
direction of transmission -muscle
action potential moves from middle to end
53
direction of transmission -nerve
action potential initiates at one end and moves in direction to the other end
(down the axon)
54
the synapse
junction between two neurons
-or between neuron and effector
55
presynaptic neuron
sending the signal
-sends through axon terminal
56
postsynaptic neuron
receiving cell
-dendrite
-brings on energy potential
57
steps of synaptic transmission
1. AP rrives at end of fibre
2.Ca ions into neuron
3.vesicle ruptures and release NTs in exocytosis
4. NTs diffuse to post neuron
5.NT attaches to recptor
6.Na gushes into fibre
7.enzymes break down NTs
8.neurotransmitter receptor bond is broken
9.NT pieces reabsorbed
10.fibre repolarizes
58
inhibitory neuron
causes inhibitory neuron potential
-hyperpolarized
-more difficult for threshold
-opens K channel
59
excitatory neuron
cause excitatory synaptic potential
-depolarized
-easier to threshold
-opens Na channels
60
brain and spinal cord
relay centre communicating with the rest of the body
61
cerebrial spinal fluid
fills ventricles and surrounds brain
-shock absorber
62
medulla oblongata
most inferior part of brainstem
-controls autonomic NS muscle activity
-cardiac center
-vasomotor center
-respatory center
-vital reflexes
63
pons
bridge between spinal and brain
-conductive nerve tracks
-arousal
64
cerebellum
11% of brain mass, controls motor coordinations and balance
-2 hemispheres
-uses info from sense receptors, for timing of skeletal patterns
-subconscious
65
midbrain
top most inner part of the brain
-sensory infor fromm ears
-area of high melanin/dark color
-termaton, arousal of the whole brain
66
thalamus
-sensory info converges, all senses
-pain receptors/consciousness
67
hypothalamus
-brainstem cap
-controls homeostasis in the body
-cordinator of autonomic NS
-influences hunger/sex/behavior/emotions
68
cerebrum
outer/inner : grey matter
middle : white matter
-voluntary muscle control
-intelligence, memory, info storage/synapsis
69
frontal lobe
-personnality
-intellect
-speech
contains Brocas area
-decision making and rational thought
70
brocas area
-speech
-volunatry muscles
-motor cortex
71
temporal lobe
-auditory + visual memory/interpretation
-hearing and smell
-judgement, periperal
-wernickes area
72
wernickes area
-speech understanding
73
motor cortex
genereates signals to direct movements of the body
74
sensory cortex
processes somatic sensations
75
parietal lobe
top mid portion of the brain
-sensory
-senses
-temperature
-emotions
76
occipital lobe
-vision (bilateral vision)
77
left side of the brain
-artistic, hollistic
controls RIGHT SIDE of the brain
78
right side of the brain
-analytical, linear
controls LEFT SIDE of the brain
79
corpus callosum
connection between L/R hemispheres
80
spinal cord
links brain to the nervous system
-reflex actions
-sympathetic/parasympathetic
81
outer of the spinal cord
myelinated interneurons white
82
inner of the spinal cord
unmyleinated interneurons grey
83
protection within the brain and spinal cord
brain - skull
spinal cord - vertebrae
both - meninges
84
meninges
protects the brain and spinal cord
-three membranes (three layers)
85
dura mater
very outside of the meninges
-durable
86
orachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges
-thin, weblike
87
pla mater
inner layer of the meninges
-delicate, highly vascularized (blood vessels)
88
meningitis
inflammation of meninges
-bacteria into the brain
89
cerebral spinal fluid
floats the brain, prevents from crushing itself
-nurishful
-shock absorber
90
where is cerebral spinal fluid found
imbetween pla and orachnoid meninges
91
blood brain barrier
seperate blood borne substances (like chemicals) from space/neurons
-selective (still lets oxygen in and out)
-less present in some areas of the brain
92
ventral root
nerve track, that carries infor away from spinal cord
MOTOR
93
dorsal root
nerve track, that carries infor into spinal cord
SENSORY
94
somatic nervous system
neurons connect to skeletal muscle
somatic means BODY
95
neuromuscular junction
release of ACN will depolarize the muscle fiber membrane
-muscle contraction
96
autonomatic nervous system originates from
spinal nerves and cranial nerves
97
spinal nerves
exit of spinal cord at thoraic/lumber/sacral areas
98
cranial nerves
directly from brain
99
autonomatic nervous system
involuntary regulation of
-gastrol intestianol
-excretory
-respiration
maintains homeostasis
100
sympathetic nervous system has nerves from
thoratic and lumbar spine
-comes together as ganglia
-branches out nerves to organs
101
preglanglionic nerve
releases acetylcholine
102
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter
- contracts smooth muscles
-dilates blood vessels,
-increases bodily secretions
-slows heart rate
103
postganglionic nerve
releases norepinephrine
104
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter
-increase heart rate
-arousal
-attention
105
parasympathetic nervous system nerves come from
cervical and sacral regions
-longer strands to ganglia
106
thoratic
upper/middle spine
107
lumber
lower spine
108
cervical
neck region spine
109
sacral
very low spine, near hip bones
110
sensory neurons
conver stimulus to electrical signals
SENSATION
-specific to one type of sitmulus
111
generator potential
potential will determine strength of stimulus
high potential, high stimulus
112
mechanoreceptor
detect changes in pressure
-touch
113
propriocepter
detects muscle orientation
-upsidown
114
chemoreceptor
detects chemicals or molecules
-smell/taste
115
thermoreceptor
detects change in temperature
-usually hot
116
photoreceptor
detects changes in light
-and different lightings
117
merkel disks
on roots of hair follicles
-detects movement (brushing by)
118
meissner corpuscle
senses touch
119
pacinian corpuscle
senses pressure
-how hard
120
krause and bulb
temperature detector in skin
-cold
121
nociceptor
senses pain
-severed nerve
-no ending
122
skin baro and thermo receptors
-temperature
-concentration depends on location
larger the difference in tempature the more noticeable
123
neurotransmitter
signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affected another cell across a synapse
124
synape
space between two cells
-spot of communication
125
baroreceptors
detect blood pressure
-autonomic
126
how is a smell receptor triggered?
chemicals in the air dissolve into mucus, stimulate receptors
-odor molecules attach to recptor
-axon depolarizes
-message received to brain
127
where is smell receptor information sent?
olfactory lobe in cerebrum
128
how are taste receptors triggered?
dissolved food chemicals stimulate tastebuds
-taste is 3/4 your sense of smell
129
receptor hair cells
taste receptor
-intiates action potential
130
where is taste receptor information sent?
parietal lobe
131
sensory adaptation
odor fades after a period of time
-receptor is used to a stimulus
132
what does it mean by "our brain filters out white noise"
the brain will not notice things if they are occuring constantly, it filters out these things so we can focus on more "important" stimuli
133
stretch receptor
stretching and contraction stimulates receptors
134
support cell
provide support nutrition, insulation, signal
135
schwann cell
insulator cell
136
amitotic
once they take on role, cannot divide
137
voltage
measure of potential energy
138
purpuse of membrane
seperating charges which creates POTENTIAL
139
ion channel
ions move across membrane to even out charge
-homeostasis
