Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 30 > neuro system > Flashcards

neuro system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

snervous system

A

-co-ordinated actions/interpret sensory by transmitting signals to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine system

A

-system of glands that produce hormones (chemical messages)
-regulate processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nervous system two main divisions

A

-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

central nervous systems

A

-brain
-spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-sensory nerves (intake info)
-motornerves (out put info)
*provides connections between CNS and rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sensory nerves

A

(IN)
-picks up sensory stimuli
-sight, hearing, smell, touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

motor nerves

A

-dierctions from brain to muscles and glands (OUT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

somatic nervous system

A

under voluntary control, assosciate with skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensory + motor nerves

A

ligament movement, winking, walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary control, body processes
-heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

-sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

-somatic
-autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

-sympathetic nervous system

A

prepare the body “for stress”
-increases organ activity
-adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

returns body to “normal”
-bringing you back down
-decreases organ activity
-digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nervous systems –>

A

central and peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

peripheral system –>

A

somatic and autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

autonomic system –>

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

support cell

A

-neuroglin
-structural/metabolism support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neurons

A

transmit electrical signal throughout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neurons

A

transmit electrical signal throughout
-structural and functional unit of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

parts of a neuron

A

-cell body (soma)
-nucleus
-dendrites
-axon
-myelin sheath
-nodes of ranvier
-axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dendrites

A

one or more projections of the cytoplasm
-conduct impulses from specialized receptors/other nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

axon

A

long cytoplasmic extension from soma
-conducts impulses from soma to other nerves
-can extend to 1m in length
-very thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

myelin sheath

A

protects neuron and conducts impulses faster
-fatty protein
-insulator/speeds up nerve
-made up of schwann cells wrapped around axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

area between sections of myelin
-exposes the neuron membrane to external enviroment
-jumps from node to node (speeding up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

axon to terminal

A

carry nerve impulses from axon to end of nerve cell
-release neurotransmitter to pass message onto next neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

myelinated axons

A

-all neurons in peripheral nervous system
-white matter in central nervous system
-myelinated by oligodrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

unmyelinated axons

A

no myelin sheath
-grey matter in central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

conductivity in regards to the axon (size)

A

the larger the diamter of the axon, the faster the impulse
-faster in myelinated axons
-depolarized at nodes of ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

saitatory conduction

A

current from one node to node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

difference between white and grey matter

A

-only white matter can regenerate at all
-grey matter cannot regenerate, any damage is permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

three types of neurons based function

A

-sensory neurons
-interneurons
-motorneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sensory neurons

A

IN
-afferent
-transmit info about enviroment
-realy infor from sensory nodes
-longer dendrites, shorter axons
-involves senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

interneurons

A

MIDDLE
-link neurons in the body by carrying impulses
-completely within central nervous system
-INTEGRATE AND INETRPERATE sensory info, connect to outgoing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

motorneurons

A

EXIT
-relay info from central nervous system, then causes things to happen
-longer axon shorter dendrites
-cell body in central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

two different neural circuits

A

-sensory neurons to brain to effector neuron
-reflex arc, no brain (automatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

membrane potentials

A

difference in charge
higher charge = higher voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

-creates polarized
-2 potassium in, 3 sodium out
-neuron is negative, outside is positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

oscilloscope

A

measures membrane differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

neuron resting potential

A

sodium wants in, potassium wants out
-negative chagre
-membrane is polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

action potential

A

neurons become active/excited by a stimulus
- brief depolarize to trigger channels to open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

three parts to an impulse

A

-polarized impulse
-depolarized membrane
-repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

polarized impulse

A

-resting cell
-more sodium outside and potassium inside
due to NA/K pump and diffusion potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

depolarized

A

-channels open, sodium in
-cell becomes positive
-action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

repolarization

A

channel pushes out potassium to rebalance
-prepares cell for new AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

refractory period

A

time needed to become repolarized
-membrane is not responsive to another stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

threshold

A

intensity of stimulus needed to produce an action potential
-must be strong enought o depolarize the entire membrane
ALL OR NOTHING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

stimulus strenght determined

A

by number of an action potential or frequency of impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

transmission

A

strength of stimulus remains constant as it travels along axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

hyperpolarization

A

voltage drops too far turns on SPP to rebalance
-harder to achieve AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

neural fatigue

A

occurs when all the NA is inside and all the K is outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

direction of transmission -muscle

A

action potential moves from middle to end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

direction of transmission -nerve

A

action potential initiates at one end and moves in direction to the other end
(down the axon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the synapse

A

junction between two neurons
-or between neuron and effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

sending the signal
-sends through axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receiving cell
-dendrite
-brings on energy potential

57
Q

steps of synaptic transmission

A
  1. AP rrives at end of fibre
    2.Ca ions into neuron
    3.vesicle ruptures and release NTs in exocytosis
  2. NTs diffuse to post neuron
    5.NT attaches to recptor
    6.Na gushes into fibre
    7.enzymes break down NTs
    8.neurotransmitter receptor bond is broken
    9.NT pieces reabsorbed
    10.fibre repolarizes
58
Q

inhibitory neuron

A

causes inhibitory neuron potential
-hyperpolarized
-more difficult for threshold
-opens K channel

59
Q

excitatory neuron

A

cause excitatory synaptic potential
-depolarized
-easier to threshold
-opens Na channels

60
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

relay centre communicating with the rest of the body

61
Q

cerebrial spinal fluid

A

fills ventricles and surrounds brain
-shock absorber

62
Q

medulla oblongata

A

most inferior part of brainstem
-controls autonomic NS muscle activity

-cardiac center
-vasomotor center
-respatory center
-vital reflexes

63
Q

pons

A

bridge between spinal and brain
-conductive nerve tracks

-arousal

64
Q

cerebellum

A

11% of brain mass, controls motor coordinations and balance
-2 hemispheres
-uses info from sense receptors, for timing of skeletal patterns
-subconscious

65
Q

midbrain

A

top most inner part of the brain
-sensory infor fromm ears
-area of high melanin/dark color
-termaton, arousal of the whole brain

66
Q

thalamus

A

-sensory info converges, all senses
-pain receptors/consciousness

67
Q

hypothalamus

A

-brainstem cap
-controls homeostasis in the body
-cordinator of autonomic NS
-influences hunger/sex/behavior/emotions

68
Q

cerebrum

A

outer/inner : grey matter
middle : white matter
-voluntary muscle control
-intelligence, memory, info storage/synapsis

69
Q

frontal lobe

A

-personnality
-intellect
-speech
contains Brocas area
-decision making and rational thought

70
Q

brocas area

A

-speech
-volunatry muscles
-motor cortex

71
Q

temporal lobe

A

-auditory + visual memory/interpretation
-hearing and smell
-judgement, periperal
-wernickes area

72
Q

wernickes area

A

-speech understanding

73
Q

motor cortex

A

genereates signals to direct movements of the body

74
Q

sensory cortex

A

processes somatic sensations

75
Q

parietal lobe

A

top mid portion of the brain
-sensory
-senses
-temperature
-emotions

76
Q

occipital lobe

A

-vision (bilateral vision)

77
Q

left side of the brain

A

-artistic, hollistic
controls RIGHT SIDE of the brain

78
Q

right side of the brain

A

-analytical, linear
controls LEFT SIDE of the brain

79
Q

corpus callosum

A

connection between L/R hemispheres

80
Q

spinal cord

A

links brain to the nervous system
-reflex actions
-sympathetic/parasympathetic

81
Q

outer of the spinal cord

A

myelinated interneurons white

82
Q

inner of the spinal cord

A

unmyleinated interneurons grey

83
Q

protection within the brain and spinal cord

A

brain - skull
spinal cord - vertebrae
both - meninges

84
Q

meninges

A

protects the brain and spinal cord
-three membranes (three layers)

85
Q

dura mater

A

very outside of the meninges
-durable

86
Q

orachnoid mater

A

middle layer of the meninges
-thin, weblike

87
Q

pla mater

A

inner layer of the meninges
-delicate, highly vascularized (blood vessels)

88
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges
-bacteria into the brain

89
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A

floats the brain, prevents from crushing itself
-nurishful
-shock absorber

90
Q

where is cerebral spinal fluid found

A

imbetween pla and orachnoid meninges

91
Q

blood brain barrier

A

seperate blood borne substances (like chemicals) from space/neurons
-selective (still lets oxygen in and out)
-less present in some areas of the brain

92
Q

ventral root

A

nerve track, that carries infor away from spinal cord
MOTOR

93
Q

dorsal root

A

nerve track, that carries infor into spinal cord
SENSORY

94
Q

somatic nervous system

A

neurons connect to skeletal muscle
somatic means BODY

95
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

release of ACN will depolarize the muscle fiber membrane
-muscle contraction

96
Q

autonomatic nervous system originates from

A

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

97
Q

spinal nerves

A

exit of spinal cord at thoraic/lumber/sacral areas

98
Q

cranial nerves

A

directly from brain

99
Q

autonomatic nervous system

A

involuntary regulation of
-gastrol intestianol
-excretory
-respiration
maintains homeostasis

100
Q

sympathetic nervous system has nerves from

A

thoratic and lumbar spine
-comes together as ganglia
-branches out nerves to organs

101
Q

preglanglionic nerve

A

releases acetylcholine

102
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter
- contracts smooth muscles
-dilates blood vessels,
-increases bodily secretions
-slows heart rate

103
Q

postganglionic nerve

A

releases norepinephrine

104
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter
-increase heart rate
-arousal
-attention

105
Q

parasympathetic nervous system nerves come from

A

cervical and sacral regions
-longer strands to ganglia

106
Q

thoratic

A

upper/middle spine

107
Q

lumber

A

lower spine

108
Q

cervical

A

neck region spine

109
Q

sacral

A

very low spine, near hip bones

110
Q

sensory neurons

A

conver stimulus to electrical signals
SENSATION
-specific to one type of sitmulus

111
Q

generator potential

A

potential will determine strength of stimulus
high potential, high stimulus

112
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

detect changes in pressure
-touch

113
Q

propriocepter

A

detects muscle orientation
-upsidown

114
Q

chemoreceptor

A

detects chemicals or molecules
-smell/taste

115
Q

thermoreceptor

A

detects change in temperature
-usually hot

116
Q

photoreceptor

A

detects changes in light
-and different lightings

117
Q

merkel disks

A

on roots of hair follicles
-detects movement (brushing by)

118
Q

meissner corpuscle

A

senses touch

119
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

senses pressure
-how hard

120
Q

krause and bulb

A

temperature detector in skin
-cold

121
Q

nociceptor

A

senses pain
-severed nerve
-no ending

122
Q

skin baro and thermo receptors

A

-temperature
-concentration depends on location
larger the difference in tempature the more noticeable

123
Q

neurotransmitter

A

signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affected another cell across a synapse

124
Q

synape

A

space between two cells
-spot of communication

125
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect blood pressure
-autonomic

126
Q

how is a smell receptor triggered?

A

chemicals in the air dissolve into mucus, stimulate receptors
-odor molecules attach to recptor
-axon depolarizes
-message received to brain

127
Q

where is smell receptor information sent?

A

olfactory lobe in cerebrum

128
Q

how are taste receptors triggered?

A

dissolved food chemicals stimulate tastebuds
-taste is 3/4 your sense of smell

129
Q

receptor hair cells

A

taste receptor
-intiates action potential

130
Q

where is taste receptor information sent?

A

parietal lobe

131
Q

sensory adaptation

A

odor fades after a period of time
-receptor is used to a stimulus

132
Q

what does it mean by “our brain filters out white noise”

A

the brain will not notice things if they are occuring constantly, it filters out these things so we can focus on more “important” stimuli

133
Q

stretch receptor

A

stretching and contraction stimulates receptors

134
Q

support cell

A

provide support nutrition, insulation, signal

135
Q

schwann cell

A

insulator cell

136
Q

amitotic

A

once they take on role, cannot divide

137
Q

voltage

A

measure of potential energy

138
Q

purpuse of membrane

A

seperating charges which creates POTENTIAL

139
Q

ion channel

A

ions move across membrane to even out charge
-homeostasis

biology 30 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions