eye/ear (neuro system)

Question 1

what is the external eye protected by

Answer 1

skull, eyebrow, eyelash, conjuctiva, exocrine, lacrinal glands

Question 2

ciliary muscle

Answer 2

help change shape of lens
-smooth muscle
-ligament
-found in choroid layer

Question 3

ciliary muscle contracting

Answer 3

suspense ligament relax’s, thick lens
for close vision

Question 4

ciliary muscle relaxing

Answer 4

suspense ligament tightens, thin lens
for distant vision

Question 5

aquous humor

Answer 5

fills cavity between cornea and lens
-supplies nutrients to cornea
-anterior/front
-refracts light
-sclera layer

Question 6

pupil

Answer 6

only opening for light to enter the eye
-not a structure
-choroid layer

Question 7

cornea

Answer 7

transperant for light to enter
-curved (helps light reach)
-focusing light
-clear image
-sclera layer

Question 8

iris

Answer 8

change pupil diamter
-colored part of the eye
-regulates light entering
-choroid layer

Question 9

ligaments

Answer 9

connect muscles to other things

Question 10

lens

Answer 10

focus light on retina
-inverted
-choroid layer

Question 11

vitrious humor

Answer 11

supporting chamber
-back chamber
-jelly like
-focus’s light onto retina
-choroid layer

Question 12

folrea centralisis

Answer 12

high concentration of cones
-for detail, like reading
-on retina

Question 13

optic nerve

Answer 13

sends an electric signal to occiputal lobe
-pathway

Question 14

blind spot

Answer 14

point where optic nerves attached
-not a structure
-no rod or cones

Question 15

sclera

Answer 15

tough elastic outer layer
-protection/shape

Question 16

choroid

Answer 16

dark middle layer
-vascularized, supplies the eye with nutrients/blood
-prevents interal light reflection

Question 17

retina

Answer 17

light sensitive cells
-innermost layer
-electrical impulse to occipal lobe
-pigment layer
-rod and cones

Question 18

extrensic muscles

Answer 18

move the eyeball
-up down side to side diagnol
-sclera layer

Question 19

pigment layer

Answer 19

layer with light sensitive ce4lls

Question 20

rods and cones

Answer 20

interpret light signals
-a light stimulus turns into action potential that goes to occiptical lobe

Question 21

rods

Answer 21

respond to all light
-black and white vision

Question 22

cones

Answer 22

more sensitive to RGB
-less cones than rods
-detail
-color vision

Question 23

bipolar cells

Answer 23

synapse with rod/cones to rekay optic nerve
-rods contain many
-cones contain a 1:1 ratio

Question 24

ganglion cells

Answer 24

axons from optic nerve to brain

Question 25

right to left magnified eye layers

Answer 25

-sclera
-choroid
-rod/cones
-bipolar cells
-ganglion
-terminal to occipital lobe

Question 26

myopia

Answer 26

near sightedness
-eyeball too long, ray focusing infront of retina

Question 27

hyperopia

Answer 27

far sightedness
-eyeball too short, ray focusing behind the retina

Question 28

fixes for myopia and hyperopia

Answer 28

-need concave
-need convex

Question 29

astigmatism

Answer 29

lens and cornea irregularily shaped, light bounces in different direction adding extra “lines”

Question 30

focusing on near objects

Answer 30

ciliary muscles contract
-ligaments are loose
-lens round

Question 31

focusing far objects

Answer 31

-ligaments tight
-lens flatten

Question 32

why would someone need glasses

Answer 32

lens harden over time. no longer bend as well

Question 33

glaucoma

Answer 33

buildup of aqueous humor/inner pressure
-retinal bloodvessels collapse
-lead to blindness

Question 34

catracts

Answer 34

lens is opaque, and less light can pass through

Question 35

rhodopsin

Answer 35

a pigment found in rod cells that absorbes light
contains
-opsin
-retinene

Question 36

opsin

Answer 36

protein

Question 37

retinene

Answer 37

derivation of vitamin A
-pigment part

Question 38

what happens when rhodopsin absorbs light

Answer 38

retinene changes form, breaking chemical bond w opsin
-H+ ions release
-depolarize bipolar cells
-AP

Question 39

rhodopsin resynthesizes due to

Answer 39

absence of light

Question 40

fovea centralis

Answer 40

high concentration of cones

Question 41

three types of cones

Answer 41

-red
-blue
-green
different combinations create all colors

Question 42

white and black stimulation/color

Answer 42

white : all equally firing
black : nothing is firing

Question 43

color blindness

Answer 43

one or more cone types if defective

Question 44

ear mechanoreceptors

Answer 44

-sound waves (pressure)
-orientation (static equilibrium)
-motion (dynamic equilibrium)

Question 45

outer ear

Answer 45

cartiledge portion

Question 46

pinna

Answer 46

ear flap, ear lobe
-collects and directs sound waves

Question 47

auditory canal

Answer 47

carries sound to the eardrum
-protects ear

Question 48

ceruminous glands

Answer 48

specialized sweat glands that produce earwax
-first line protection

Question 49

middle ear

Answer 49

air filled space
-begins at eardrum

Question 50

tympanic membrane

Answer 50

eardrum
-vibrates with sound

Question 51

eustachian tube

Answer 51

connects middle of the ear with nose and mouth
-air pressure

Question 52

ossicles

Answer 52

amplify vibrations of tympanic membrane
-transfer to oval window
-hammer (malleus)
-anvil (incus)
-stirrup (strapes)

Question 53

inner ear

Answer 53

fluid filled cochlea

Question 54

cochlea

Answer 54

snail shaped tube/hollow
-oval window

Question 55

ovil window

Answer 55

attached to stapes, recieves sound
-vibrations cause waves to pass along cochlear fluid

Question 56

organ of corti

Answer 56

after passing through ovil window
-ears primary sound receptor
-specialized hair cells