eye/ear (neuro system) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the external eye protected by

A

skull, eyebrow, eyelash, conjuctiva, exocrine, lacrinal glands

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2
Q

ciliary muscle

A

help change shape of lens
-smooth muscle
-ligament
-found in choroid layer

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3
Q

ciliary muscle contracting

A

suspense ligament relax’s, thick lens
for close vision

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4
Q

ciliary muscle relaxing

A

suspense ligament tightens, thin lens
for distant vision

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5
Q

aquous humor

A

fills cavity between cornea and lens
-supplies nutrients to cornea
-anterior/front
-refracts light
-sclera layer

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6
Q

pupil

A

only opening for light to enter the eye
-not a structure
-choroid layer

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7
Q

cornea

A

transperant for light to enter
-curved (helps light reach)
-focusing light
-clear image
-sclera layer

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8
Q

iris

A

change pupil diamter
-colored part of the eye
-regulates light entering
-choroid layer

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9
Q

ligaments

A

connect muscles to other things

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10
Q

lens

A

focus light on retina
-inverted
-choroid layer

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11
Q

vitrious humor

A

supporting chamber
-back chamber
-jelly like
-focus’s light onto retina
-choroid layer

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12
Q

folrea centralisis

A

high concentration of cones
-for detail, like reading
-on retina

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13
Q

optic nerve

A

sends an electric signal to occiputal lobe
-pathway

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14
Q

blind spot

A

point where optic nerves attached
-not a structure
-no rod or cones

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15
Q

sclera

A

tough elastic outer layer
-protection/shape

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16
Q

choroid

A

dark middle layer
-vascularized, supplies the eye with nutrients/blood
-prevents interal light reflection

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17
Q

retina

A

light sensitive cells
-innermost layer
-electrical impulse to occipal lobe
-pigment layer
-rod and cones

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18
Q

extrensic muscles

A

move the eyeball
-up down side to side diagnol
-sclera layer

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19
Q

pigment layer

A

layer with light sensitive ce4lls

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20
Q

rods and cones

A

interpret light signals
-a light stimulus turns into action potential that goes to occiptical lobe

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21
Q

rods

A

respond to all light
-black and white vision

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22
Q

cones

A

more sensitive to RGB
-less cones than rods
-detail
-color vision

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23
Q

bipolar cells

A

synapse with rod/cones to rekay optic nerve
-rods contain many
-cones contain a 1:1 ratio

24
Q

ganglion cells

A

axons from optic nerve to brain

25
right to left magnified eye layers
-sclera -choroid -rod/cones -bipolar cells -ganglion -terminal to occipital lobe
26
myopia
near sightedness -eyeball too long, ray focusing infront of retina
27
hyperopia
far sightedness -eyeball too short, ray focusing behind the retina
28
fixes for myopia and hyperopia
-need concave -need convex
29
astigmatism
lens and cornea irregularily shaped, light bounces in different direction adding extra "lines"
30
focusing on near objects
ciliary muscles contract -ligaments are loose -lens round
31
focusing far objects
-ligaments tight -lens flatten
32
why would someone need glasses
lens harden over time. no longer bend as well
33
glaucoma
buildup of aqueous humor/inner pressure -retinal bloodvessels collapse -lead to blindness
34
catracts
lens is opaque, and less light can pass through
35
rhodopsin
a pigment found in rod cells that absorbes light contains -opsin -retinene
36
opsin
protein
37
retinene
derivation of vitamin A -pigment part
38
what happens when rhodopsin absorbs light
retinene changes form, breaking chemical bond w opsin -H+ ions release -depolarize bipolar cells -AP
39
rhodopsin resynthesizes due to
absence of light
40
fovea centralis
high concentration of cones
41
three types of cones
-red -blue -green different combinations create all colors
42
white and black stimulation/color
white : all equally firing black : nothing is firing
43
color blindness
one or more cone types if defective
44
ear mechanoreceptors
-sound waves (pressure) -orientation (static equilibrium) -motion (dynamic equilibrium)
45
outer ear
cartiledge portion
46
pinna
ear flap, ear lobe -collects and directs sound waves
47
auditory canal
carries sound to the eardrum -protects ear
48
ceruminous glands
specialized sweat glands that produce earwax -first line protection
49
middle ear
air filled space -begins at eardrum
50
tympanic membrane
eardrum -vibrates with sound
51
eustachian tube
connects middle of the ear with nose and mouth -air pressure
52
ossicles
amplify vibrations of tympanic membrane -transfer to oval window -hammer (malleus) -anvil (incus) -stirrup (strapes)
53
inner ear
fluid filled cochlea
54
cochlea
snail shaped tube/hollow -oval window
55
ovil window
attached to stapes, recieves sound -vibrations cause waves to pass along cochlear fluid
56
organ of corti
after passing through ovil window -ears primary sound receptor -specialized hair cells