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biology 30 > poulation and community dynamics > Flashcards

poulation and community dynamics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

communities

A

made up of populations
-consist of gene pools from all the individuals

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2
Q

population genetics

A

finding gene frequencies

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3
Q

what makes human populations different

A

-few offspring
-takes along time
-different enviromental effects
-human traits (body weight, size, intelligence)

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4
Q

population sampeling

A

-representative sample is takne
-trends and frequencies study
-applied to the whole

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5
Q

bigger size means…

A

more accurate

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6
Q

population

A

a group of simlar organisms
same PLACE same TIME

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7
Q

gene pool

A

sum of all the genes that occur in a population
-carries over generation to generation

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8
Q

gene frequencies are associated

A

with certain populations

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9
Q

species

A

group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

adaptation

A

a variation that allows an individual to survive better in a given circumstance

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11
Q

heritable adaptation

A

genetic not learned

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12
Q

evolution

A

any change in a frequency of a gene/allele
-exists in every population

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13
Q

difference of evolution vs adaptation

A

evolution is process
adaptation is whats happening

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14
Q

the five pillars of natural selection

A

-over production
-variation
-competition
-survival of the fittest
-origin of new species (speciation)

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15
Q

fitness depends on

A

enviromental demands placed on an organism

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16
Q

three types of selection

A

-directional
-stabilizing
-disruptive

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17
Q

directional (type of selection)

A

-one extreme is selected against
-fit to enviroment
-results in mean change

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18
Q

stabilizing (type of selection)

A

-both extremes are selected against (neither extreme)
-mean stays the same, just more narrowed

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19
Q

disruptive (type of selection)

A

-extreme ends are different enough to survive
-start to creat two new averages…. thus speciation

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20
Q

the hardy weinberg principal

A

frequency of alleles and genotype remain CONSTANT
-genetic equilibrium

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21
Q

HWP characterized by two competing factors

A

stability and variability

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22
Q

stability

A

balanced in equilibrium

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23
Q

variability

A

change and evolution

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24
Q

nonrevolving gene pool

A

can never be met in a natural population

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25
Q

dynamic genetic equilibrium

A

overallthe composition is unchanged even though there is still movement

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26
Q

equation requirements of HWP

A

-large breeding population
-random mating
-no mutations
-no migration
-equal viability

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27
Q

equilibrium

A

trait is not evolving

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28
Q

nonequilibrium

A

trait is evolving
p and q will change

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29
Q

evolutionary change

A

-changes in the gene pool (natural selection)
-gene pool or enviorment changes alleles (survival of the fittest)

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30
Q

things other than natural selection that causes the gene pool to change

A

-mutations
-genetic draft
-migration
-non random mating

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31
Q

genetic draft

A

completely random-not adaptive
-smaller populations tend to be more affected by this
-slow growing populations tend to drift less

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32
Q

speciation

A

process by which species originate
-so different they cannot interbreed

33
Q

evolution

A

change in gene frequency

34
Q

two types of speciation

A

geographic speciation and sympatric speciation

35
Q

geographic speciation

A

physical barrier stops populations from interacting

36
Q

sympatric speciation

A

reproductive/behavioral

37
Q

symbiosis

A

close association between different organisms

38
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit
-bees and flowers

39
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits the other is indifferent

40
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism

41
Q

interspecific

A

organism competes with member of different species for some limited rescource

42
Q

intraspecific

A

organism competes with a member of its same species for a limited rescource

43
Q

the more similar the niche is

A

the more compeition between the organism

44
Q

gouses principal

A

competition exclusion principal
-one will eventually be excluded

45
Q

predator

A

consumes living organisms, benefiting itself but reducing survival of prey

46
Q

prey

A

organism that is consumed
-often results in death or reduced fertility

47
Q

avoidance mechanisms

A

passive (cammoflauge, warning colouration)
active (movement, physiological structure)

48
Q

population dynamics

A

describing an organism
-kind of an organism
-size
-same place
-same time

49
Q

population density

A

number of individuals per unit area
Dp = N/A

50
Q

population change

A

overtime individuals reproduce, die or migrate
gr = changeN/changeT

51
Q

population change negatives

A

decrease in population

52
Q

natality

A

individuals born annually

53
Q

mortality

A

individuals dead annually

54
Q

immigration

A

movement into existing populations

55
Q

emigration

A

movement out of existing population

56
Q

change in N

A

(natality + immigration) - (mortality + emigration)

57
Q

per capita growth rate

A

how much is the population growing
cgr = changeN/N

58
Q

population growth patterns

A

as a species interacts with its enviroment and other species or members of the community patterns emerge

59
Q

clumped (growth patterns)

A

individuals are grouped in clumps
-near water source = trees

60
Q

random (growth patterns)

A

not real patterns
-not common in nature, dandelions in wind

61
Q

uniform (growth patterns )

A

everything is evenly distributed
-happens with no competition

62
Q

shelfords law of tolderance

A

too much or too little of an essential factor can both be harmful

63
Q

law of minimum

A

various substences are required for growth
-lowest concentration will limit growth

64
Q

limiting factor determines growth

A

only as fast as the slowest person

65
Q

density factors

A

factors which affect a population as a result of its density
-disease

66
Q

density independant factors

A

factors affecting population regardless of its density
-flood, fire, extreme temps

67
Q

enviromental resistance

A

all factors that limit population growth

68
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum number of offspring that will reach reproductive age

69
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

longterm balance in which populations remain relatively stable
-identifies mature ecosytems

70
Q

carrying capacity

A

number of organisms an ecosystem can sustain given its current conditions

71
Q

growth curves graph

A

showing changes in population overtime

72
Q

X on graph

A

time
(independant/manipulated)

73
Q

Y on graph

A

density/ number of organisms
(dependant/responding)

74
Q

lag phase

A

slow inital growth

75
Q

growth phase

A

exponential
-biotic potential/acceleration

76
Q

stationary phase

A

factors that limit growth
-natality/mortality

77
Q

equilibrium phase

A

population fluctuates around carrying capacity

78
Q

death phase

A

mortality exceeds natality

biology 30 (8 decks)

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