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biology 30 > poulation and community dynamics > Flashcards

poulation and community dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

communities

A

made up of populations
-consist of gene pools from all the individuals

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2
Q

population genetics

A

finding gene frequencies

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3
Q

what makes human populations different

A

-few offspring
-takes along time
-different enviromental effects
-human traits (body weight, size, intelligence)

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4
Q

population sampeling

A

-representative sample is takne
-trends and frequencies study
-applied to the whole

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5
Q

bigger size means…

A

more accurate

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6
Q

population

A

a group of simlar organisms
same PLACE same TIME

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7
Q

gene pool

A

sum of all the genes that occur in a population
-carries over generation to generation

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8
Q

gene frequencies are associated

A

with certain populations

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9
Q

species

A

group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

adaptation

A

a variation that allows an individual to survive better in a given circumstance

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11
Q

heritable adaptation

A

genetic not learned

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12
Q

evolution

A

any change in a frequency of a gene/allele
-exists in every population

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13
Q

difference of evolution vs adaptation

A

evolution is process
adaptation is whats happening

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14
Q

the five pillars of natural selection

A

-over production
-variation
-competition
-survival of the fittest
-origin of new species (speciation)

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15
Q

fitness depends on

A

enviromental demands placed on an organism

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16
Q

three types of selection

A

-directional
-stabilizing
-disruptive

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17
Q

directional (type of selection)

A

-one extreme is selected against
-fit to enviroment
-results in mean change

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18
Q

stabilizing (type of selection)

A

-both extremes are selected against (neither extreme)
-mean stays the same, just more narrowed

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19
Q

disruptive (type of selection)

A

-extreme ends are different enough to survive
-start to creat two new averages…. thus speciation

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20
Q

the hardy weinberg principal

A

frequency of alleles and genotype remain CONSTANT
-genetic equilibrium

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21
Q

HWP characterized by two competing factors

A

stability and variability

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22
Q

stability

A

balanced in equilibrium

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23
Q

variability

A

change and evolution

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24
Q

nonrevolving gene pool

A

can never be met in a natural population

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25
dynamic genetic equilibrium
overallthe composition is unchanged even though there is still movement
26
equation requirements of HWP
-large breeding population -random mating -no mutations -no migration -equal viability
27
equilibrium
trait is not evolving
28
nonequilibrium
trait is evolving p and q will change
29
evolutionary change
-changes in the gene pool (natural selection) -gene pool or enviorment changes alleles (survival of the fittest)
30
things other than natural selection that causes the gene pool to change
-mutations -genetic draft -migration -non random mating
31
genetic draft
completely random-not adaptive -smaller populations tend to be more affected by this -slow growing populations tend to drift less
32
speciation
process by which species originate -so different they cannot interbreed
33
evolution
change in gene frequency
34
two types of speciation
geographic speciation and sympatric speciation
35
geographic speciation
physical barrier stops populations from interacting
36
sympatric speciation
reproductive/behavioral
37
symbiosis
close association between different organisms
38
mutualism
both organisms benefit -bees and flowers
39
commensalism
one organism benefits the other is indifferent
40
parasitism
one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism
41
interspecific
organism competes with member of different species for some limited rescource
42
intraspecific
organism competes with a member of its same species for a limited rescource
43
the more similar the niche is
the more compeition between the organism
44
gouses principal
competition exclusion principal -one will eventually be excluded
45
predator
consumes living organisms, benefiting itself but reducing survival of prey
46
prey
organism that is consumed -often results in death or reduced fertility
47
avoidance mechanisms
passive (cammoflauge, warning colouration) active (movement, physiological structure)
48
population dynamics
describing an organism -kind of an organism -size -same place -same time
49
population density
number of individuals per unit area Dp = N/A
50
population change
overtime individuals reproduce, die or migrate gr = changeN/changeT
51
population change negatives
decrease in population
52
natality
individuals born annually
53
mortality
individuals dead annually
54
immigration
movement into existing populations
55
emigration
movement out of existing population
56
change in N
(natality + immigration) - (mortality + emigration)
57
per capita growth rate
how much is the population growing cgr = changeN/N
58
population growth patterns
as a species interacts with its enviroment and other species or members of the community patterns emerge
59
clumped (growth patterns)
individuals are grouped in clumps -near water source = trees
60
random (growth patterns)
not real patterns -not common in nature, dandelions in wind
61
uniform (growth patterns )
everything is evenly distributed -happens with no competition
62
shelfords law of tolderance
too much or too little of an essential factor can both be harmful
63
law of minimum
various substences are required for growth -lowest concentration will limit growth
64
limiting factor determines growth
only as fast as the slowest person
65
density factors
factors which affect a population as a result of its density -disease
66
density independant factors
factors affecting population regardless of its density -flood, fire, extreme temps
67
enviromental resistance
all factors that limit population growth
68
biotic potential
maximum number of offspring that will reach reproductive age
69
dynamic equilibrium
longterm balance in which populations remain relatively stable -identifies mature ecosytems
70
carrying capacity
number of organisms an ecosystem can sustain given its current conditions
71
growth curves graph
showing changes in population overtime
72
X on graph
time (independant/manipulated)
73
Y on graph
density/ number of organisms (dependant/responding)
74
lag phase
slow inital growth
75
growth phase
exponential -biotic potential/acceleration
76
stationary phase
factors that limit growth -natality/mortality
77
equilibrium phase
population fluctuates around carrying capacity
78
death phase
mortality exceeds natality

biology 30 (8 decks)

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