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biology 30 > pedigrees and inheritance > Flashcards

pedigrees and inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetics

A

the study of inheritance
(genes, DNA, chromosomes)

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2
Q

genes

A

units of code for certain traits

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3
Q

heredity

A

passing of traits from parents to offspring

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4
Q

mRNA

A

ACTG ACTG ACTG

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5
Q

“central dogma” of genetics

A

creates a specific mRNA and proteins depending on the pair

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6
Q

homologous chromosome

A

can carry 2 different versions of the same gene

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7
Q

gametes reflect…

A

the genetic information contributed by both parents

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8
Q

types of traits

A

species traits and individual traits

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9
Q

species traits

A

all members of the same species have certain genes
example- the ability to walk

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10
Q

individual traits

A

genes that make you different from others
example - eye color, hair color, taco tongue

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11
Q

gregor mendal

A

the father of genetics *1865
-experimented with pea plants, and the patterns in genetics

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12
Q

pollination process

A

stamen produces pollen, which is transfered to the pistil where egg is produced and fertilizes producing a seed

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13
Q

stamen

A

male reproductive part of the plant
-produces pollen

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14
Q

pistil

A

female reproductive part of the plant
-produces the egg, and stores fertilized seed momentarily

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15
Q

self pollination

A

plant transfers pollen to it’s own pistil
-offspring is genetically identical to parent

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16
Q

cross pollination

A

pollen is transferred from one plant to another
-offspring may look different from parent

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17
Q

parental generation

A

the intial breeding, parents

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18
Q

first filial generation

A

-creates hybrid
intial mixing of the parents genetic traits

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19
Q

major thing mendal discovered from crossing plants

A

evidence of dominat traits

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20
Q

categories mendal observed

A

-seed form
-seed color
-pod form
-pod color
-flower position
-seed coat color
-stem length

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21
Q

captial letters mean

A

dominate trait

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22
Q

lower case letters indicate

A

recessive trait

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23
Q

mendals hypothesis

A
  1. inherited traits are controlled by genes, which occurs in pairs
  2. one gene may be more dominate or recessive
  3. law of segregation
  4. law of independant assortmnent
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24
Q

heterozygote

A

Gg
-different traits

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25
Q

homozygote

A

gg or GG
-same traits

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26
Q

law of segregation

A

based on random chance heterozygotes produce (eventually) equal numbers of gametes having the two different allels

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27
Q

law of independant assortment

A

factors form a pair that is seperated/distributed randomly, and not based on other seperations or distributions

-any sort of combination

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28
Q

genotype

A

the actual genes present in an organism
(TT, tt)

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29
Q

phenotype

A

the physical expression of a gene
(tall/short)

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30
Q

homo

A

same

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31
Q

hetero

A

different

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32
Q

allels

A

are different forms of a gene that have different effects on a trait
example- T and t are both allels for height

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33
Q

punnett squares

A

help to determine the probability of an offspring having a certain genotype or phenotype
-based on parents genotype

34
Q

monohybrid crosses

A

single trait genetic cross with ONE PAIR of contrasting traits

35
Q

expression of genotype percentage

A

*number % *Rr

36
Q

test cross

A

cross on an organism of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual
-resulting ration helps to determine genotypes of the unknown

37
Q

incomplete dominance

A

hybrid phenotype is a mix (shows as imbetween) of the pure breeding/phenotypes

38
Q

true breeding strain

A

always will get the same thing you started with

39
Q

codominance

A

both alleles are expressed in an individual
example - blood types A, B, AB*
AB-codominance in antigens

40
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than two allels exist for a trait
example - A blood type can be AA or AO

41
Q

carrier

A

hybrid, contains usually a disease that is recessive

42
Q

how many alleles can fit in a gene

A

two

43
Q

selective breeding

A

crossing desired traits to produce offspring with certain characteristics

44
Q

hybridization

A

blending different traits to produce new offspring

45
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

two independant trait crosses
-makes gametes FOIL
-need one allele from each trait

46
Q

two rules of probability

A

1- each event is individual, doesn’t influence other outcomes
2- the chance of one event occuring simultaneously

47
Q

polygenic traits

A

different genes can interact to control the phenotype expression of a single characyeristic
example - skin tone, eye color

48
Q

epistasis

A

interaction between two genes that modfiy the phenotype expression of all other genes
example - albanism

49
Q

complimentary interaction

A

two gene pairs prpduce a trait that neither can do by themselves

50
Q

pleiotopic genes

A

one gene affercts many characteristics
example - marfan syndrome (affects physical)

51
Q

lethal alleles

A

gene or allele that leads to death of an individual
-can be dominant or recessive
example - huntingtons disease`

52
Q

lethal alleles

A

gene or allele that leads to death of an individual
-can be dominant or recessive
example - huntingtons disease

53
Q

huntingtons disease

A

defective protein in the brain

54
Q

walter sutton and theodore boveri

A

both noted the mendalian laws were applicable to chromosomes at a cellular level

55
Q

thomas hunt morgan

A

studied the fruit flie
-discovered sex linked genes

56
Q

autosomal dominant

A

females and males equally likely to have trait
-doesnt skip generations

57
Q

autosomal recessive

A

males and females equally likely to have trait
-skip generations

58
Q

x linked dominant

A

all daughters of a male who has the trasit will also have the trait
-zero male to male

59
Q

x linked recessive

A

all daughters of a male who has the trait are carries
-more common in males than females

60
Q

mutation

A

change in the genetic code

61
Q

gene point mutation

A

base in DNA has changed
-like a genetic typo

62
Q

chromosomal mutation

A

caused by nondisjunction crossing over or lack of some/all of a chromosome

63
Q

somatic

A

affects body cells
-new trait may appear

64
Q

germline

A

affects reproductive cells
-is passed onto an offspring

65
Q

causes of mutation

A

chemicals, radiation, temperature, replication errors

66
Q

enviromental influence

A

traits can be altered or changed due to enviromental effects

67
Q

gene action

A

genes interact with the enviroment
-blend between nature and nurture

68
Q

fraternal twins

A

develope from 2 different eggs fertilized by 2 different sperms

69
Q

identical twins

A

develope from a single fertilized egg that splits into two cells

70
Q

dominant rhesus factor

A

positive

71
Q

what blood type is codominant

A

A/B

72
Q

what blood type is dominant over O

A

A/B

73
Q

what would happen if both X’s were active in females

A

they’d produce twice as much protein in comparasion to males
-so one chromosome is randomly inactivated in every single cell
example - speckled cats

74
Q

friedrich miescher

A

discovered DNA in 1989, named it NUKLEIN

75
Q

walter fleming

A

introduced the term chromatin, 1879
-nuklein and chromatin are the same thing

76
Q

by the 1900s what was understood…

A

chromatin consisted of DNA and proteins
-BUT could not agree which was the actual genetic material

77
Q

PAT levene

A

thought DNA was too simple (believed protein to be genetic material)
-life is too complex to be made up of only four

78
Q

tetranucleotide hypothesis

A

the digram of DNA

79
Q

why did PAT levene think protein was the genetic material

A

-protein was more diverse (amino acids) and combinations leads to more complex folding patterns

80
Q

hereditary molecules must be able too

A
  1. control protein and enzyme production
  2. sekf replicate accuratley
  3. change/adapt
  4. found in the nucleus
81
Q

griffiths experiment concluded

A

that the non virulent bacteria somehow turned virulent when combined with virulent bacteria, due to denaturing

biology 30 (8 decks)

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