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biology 30 > pedigrees and inheritance > Flashcards

pedigrees and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

genetics

A

the study of inheritance
(genes, DNA, chromosomes)

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2
Q

genes

A

units of code for certain traits

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3
Q

heredity

A

passing of traits from parents to offspring

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4
Q

mRNA

A

ACTG ACTG ACTG

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5
Q

“central dogma” of genetics

A

creates a specific mRNA and proteins depending on the pair

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6
Q

homologous chromosome

A

can carry 2 different versions of the same gene

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7
Q

gametes reflect…

A

the genetic information contributed by both parents

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8
Q

types of traits

A

species traits and individual traits

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9
Q

species traits

A

all members of the same species have certain genes
example- the ability to walk

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10
Q

individual traits

A

genes that make you different from others
example - eye color, hair color, taco tongue

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11
Q

gregor mendal

A

the father of genetics *1865
-experimented with pea plants, and the patterns in genetics

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12
Q

pollination process

A

stamen produces pollen, which is transfered to the pistil where egg is produced and fertilizes producing a seed

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13
Q

stamen

A

male reproductive part of the plant
-produces pollen

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14
Q

pistil

A

female reproductive part of the plant
-produces the egg, and stores fertilized seed momentarily

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15
Q

self pollination

A

plant transfers pollen to it’s own pistil
-offspring is genetically identical to parent

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16
Q

cross pollination

A

pollen is transferred from one plant to another
-offspring may look different from parent

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17
Q

parental generation

A

the intial breeding, parents

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18
Q

first filial generation

A

-creates hybrid
intial mixing of the parents genetic traits

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19
Q

major thing mendal discovered from crossing plants

A

evidence of dominat traits

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20
Q

categories mendal observed

A

-seed form
-seed color
-pod form
-pod color
-flower position
-seed coat color
-stem length

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21
Q

captial letters mean

A

dominate trait

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22
Q

lower case letters indicate

A

recessive trait

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23
Q

mendals hypothesis

A
  1. inherited traits are controlled by genes, which occurs in pairs
  2. one gene may be more dominate or recessive
  3. law of segregation
  4. law of independant assortmnent
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24
Q

heterozygote

A

Gg
-different traits

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25
homozygote
gg or GG -same traits
26
law of segregation
based on random chance heterozygotes produce (eventually) equal numbers of gametes having the two different allels
27
law of independant assortment
factors form a pair that is seperated/distributed randomly, and not based on other seperations or distributions -any sort of combination
28
genotype
the actual genes present in an organism (TT, tt)
29
phenotype
the physical expression of a gene (tall/short)
30
homo
same
31
hetero
different
32
allels
are different forms of a gene that have different effects on a trait example- T and t are both allels for height
33
punnett squares
help to determine the probability of an offspring having a certain genotype or phenotype -based on parents genotype
34
monohybrid crosses
single trait genetic cross with ONE PAIR of contrasting traits
35
expression of genotype percentage
*number % *Rr
36
test cross
cross on an organism of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual -resulting ration helps to determine genotypes of the unknown
37
incomplete dominance
hybrid phenotype is a mix (shows as imbetween) of the pure breeding/phenotypes
38
true breeding strain
always will get the same thing you started with
39
codominance
both alleles are expressed in an individual example - blood types A, B, AB* AB-codominance in antigens
40
multiple alleles
more than two allels exist for a trait example - A blood type can be AA or AO
41
carrier
hybrid, contains usually a disease that is recessive
42
how many alleles can fit in a gene
two
43
selective breeding
crossing desired traits to produce offspring with certain characteristics
44
hybridization
blending different traits to produce new offspring
45
dihybrid crosses
two independant trait crosses -makes gametes FOIL -need one allele from each trait
46
two rules of probability
1- each event is individual, doesn't influence other outcomes 2- the chance of one event occuring simultaneously
47
polygenic traits
different genes can interact to control the phenotype expression of a single characyeristic example - skin tone, eye color
48
epistasis
interaction between two genes that modfiy the phenotype expression of all other genes example - albanism
49
complimentary interaction
two gene pairs prpduce a trait that neither can do by themselves
50
pleiotopic genes
one gene affercts many characteristics example - marfan syndrome (affects physical)
51
lethal alleles
gene or allele that leads to death of an individual -can be dominant or recessive example - huntingtons disease`
52
lethal alleles
gene or allele that leads to death of an individual -can be dominant or recessive example - huntingtons disease
53
huntingtons disease
defective protein in the brain
54
walter sutton and theodore boveri
both noted the mendalian laws were applicable to chromosomes at a cellular level
55
thomas hunt morgan
studied the fruit flie -discovered sex linked genes
56
autosomal dominant
females and males equally likely to have trait -doesnt skip generations
57
autosomal recessive
males and females equally likely to have trait -skip generations
58
x linked dominant
all daughters of a male who has the trasit will also have the trait -zero male to male
59
x linked recessive
all daughters of a male who has the trait are carries -more common in males than females
60
mutation
change in the genetic code
61
gene point mutation
base in DNA has changed -like a genetic typo
62
chromosomal mutation
caused by nondisjunction crossing over or lack of some/all of a chromosome
63
somatic
affects body cells -new trait may appear
64
germline
affects reproductive cells -is passed onto an offspring
65
causes of mutation
chemicals, radiation, temperature, replication errors
66
enviromental influence
traits can be altered or changed due to enviromental effects
67
gene action
genes interact with the enviroment -blend between nature and nurture
68
fraternal twins
develope from 2 different eggs fertilized by 2 different sperms
69
identical twins
develope from a single fertilized egg that splits into two cells
70
dominant rhesus factor
positive
71
what blood type is codominant
A/B
72
what blood type is dominant over O
A/B
73
what would happen if both X's were active in females
they'd produce twice as much protein in comparasion to males -so one chromosome is randomly inactivated in every single cell example - speckled cats
74
friedrich miescher
discovered DNA in 1989, named it NUKLEIN
75
walter fleming
introduced the term chromatin, 1879 -nuklein and chromatin are the same thing
76
by the 1900s what was understood...
chromatin consisted of DNA and proteins -BUT could not agree which was the actual genetic material
77
PAT levene
thought DNA was too simple (believed protein to be genetic material) -life is too complex to be made up of only four
78
tetranucleotide hypothesis
the digram of DNA
79
why did PAT levene think protein was the genetic material
-protein was more diverse (amino acids) and combinations leads to more complex folding patterns
80
hereditary molecules must be able too
1. control protein and enzyme production 2. sekf replicate accuratley 3. change/adapt 4. found in the nucleus
81
griffiths experiment concluded
that the non virulent bacteria somehow turned virulent when combined with virulent bacteria, due to denaturing

biology 30 (8 decks)

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