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biology 30 > molecular genetics > Flashcards

molecular genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

friedrich miescher

A

discovered DNA in 1989, named it nuklein because it was found in the cells nucleus

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2
Q

walter fleming

A

introduced chromatin
nuklein and chromatin are the same thing

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3
Q

by the 1900s it was understood chromatin consisted of

A

DNA and proteins

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4
Q

PAT levene

A

believed DNA to be too simple to be ‘genetic material’
-protein was more likely, since amino acids are more diverse

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5
Q

hereditary molecule must be able to

A

-control protein and enzyme production
-self replicate
-adapt
-found in nucleus

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6
Q

conclusion of Griffiths experiment

A

R strain bacteria had been transformed by S strain bacteria
-denaturing

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7
Q

avery mccarty - mcleods experiment

A

adaption of griffins experiment that concluded DNA is the molecule that cntrols herditary

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8
Q

DNA

A

genetic material
-most cells contain 2m of DNA

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9
Q

mRNA

A

allows protein synthesis to happen in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

3 structures of DNA

A

1.phosphate group
2.sugar
3.nitrogeneous base

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11
Q

purine

A

double ring structure

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12
Q

pyramidine

A

single ring structure

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13
Q

watson crick model of DNA

A

devloped 3d model of DNA

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14
Q

double helix

A

2 chains of nucleotides coiled around each other

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15
Q

nucleotides

A

structural components/building blocks of DNA and RNA

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16
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

joins bases of chains, easy to break
-important for replication

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17
Q

importance of phosphates

A
  1. linking bonds (connect two compounds, stable, made up of phosphates and esters)
    2.negatively ionized (after bonding one oxygen stays negative, protection, keeps nucleotides and DNA within membranes)
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18
Q

why are phosphates insoluable

A

negative charge

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19
Q

semi conservative replication

A

uses strand of DNA as template to copy two new strands
-half old half new

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20
Q

meselson + stahl experiment

A

confirmed semi conservative replication to be true, produced light/medium
light - new
medium - old

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21
Q

ori

A

site of replication, where it starts unwinding

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22
Q

why are there multiple ori

A

to speed up process of DNA replication

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23
Q

DNA helicase

A

enzyme that unwinds DNA helix, breaks 4 bonds

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24
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

prevent DNA from re-annealing

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25
replication fork
region where activity is taking place
26
DNA polymerase
enzyme replicates nucleotides
27
what direction does DNA replicate
5'to 3'
28
DNA strands replicate
semi discontinous
29
semi discontinous
process half discontinous
30
leading
continous and faster
31
lagging
discontinous in pieces
32
bidirectional replication
replication happens in either direction/end
33
lagging strand synthesis
DNA polymerase works away from opening helix, leaves a space imbetween primer -gap
34
primase
makes primer to allow for lagging strand to function -made up of RNA
35
okazaki
gaps left in lagging strandsusually sealed up by DNA ligase, includes primer
36
gaps contain
distinctive RNA primer tails
37
proof reasing enzymes
goes along with DNA to make sure base have been placed properly
38
DNA ligase
joins breaks in phosophorous backbone
39
DNA -> DNA
replication
40
DNA -> RNA
transcription
41
RNA -> proteins
translation nucleotides to amino acid
42
RNA
-sugar is ribose -uracil used instead of thymine -single stranded A=U C=G
43
3 types of RNA
1. messenger 2.ribosomal 3.transfer
44
messenger RNA
take a copy of DNA, usually short segments bring from nucleus to cytoplasm
45
ribosomal RNA
makes up ribosomes
46
transfer RNA
carries amino acids to ribosome
47
protein recap
subunits/monomers are amino acids
48
amino acids
ten are essential -linked by peptide bonds -make up proteins
49
peptide bonds
20 kinds -acid (negative) -basic (positive) -hydrophilic (loves water) -hydrophobic (hates water)
50
structure of proteins
1-sequence of amino acids 2-regular repeated folding 3-folding into specific compact structure 4-proteins that consist of more than 1 polypeptide chain
51
transcription
DNA --> RNA -dna code is transferred to RNA molecule -helix unwinds, and bases are revealed and one strand is transcribed -mRNA is produced
52
translation
RNA --> protein
53
codons
how mRNA is read, triplet set of RNA bases codes for amino acid
54
tRNA counterpart is called a
anticodon -complementary to mRNA
55
nonsense codon
STOP -signals to end protein chain -terminator codon
56
initator codon
point on mRNA where protein chain begins
57
translation sequence
1. mRNA leaves nucleus and grabs onto ribosome 2. ribosome attaches to mRNA and reads the sqeuence of bases 3.tRNA picks up the specfic needed amino acids for the code 4. ribosome binds amino acids through peptide bonds 5. amino acids joined as the process of ribosome continues reading/attaching 6.terminator codon ends translation 7. once protein is complete mRNA may disintigrate
58
translation basic VERY
mRNA is read by ribosome, which uses a tRNA to gather the amino acids read out by sequence of bases from mRNA. amino acids bonded by pepetide bond to create protien.
59
mutations
involve gentic change, permanent
60
genes
sequence of nucleotides in DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence
61
A
adenine
62
G
guanine
63
T
thymine
64
C
cytosine
65
all cells contain
all genetic information -specfic genes only act on certain cells
66
mutations occur when
sequence of bases are altered
67
subsitution mutation
base pair that is substituted at one base point -sickle cell anemia
68
silent mutation
no effect/change due to mutation -usually undetected
69
missense mutation
range of effects, significant or minor -not unnoticed -doesn't neccesarily end in stop
70
nonsense mutation
mutation codes in a stop -drastic effect
71
sickle anemia
mutation where protein codes differently due to substiuted A for a T -makes it hydrophobic thus shape difference
72
trunkated
cut short -nonsense
73
deletion mutation
base is dropped from the sequence -severe
74
frame shift mutation
moves the genetic code over or ahead due to loss or gain of base -deletion or addition
75
additions
codons have a base added into the sequence
76
genetic engineering
artifical change of genes -intentional
77
recombinant DNA
transplanting from one organisms into another
78
gene therapy
replacing defective genes with healthier genes, or adding bonus genes
79
retro viruses
changes our DNA into it's DNA into host cell
80
cancer
irregular cell cycle production uncontrollable -do not proform useful functions in the body
81
oncogenes/protoncogenes
genes that can be muted into cancer carrying forms
82
polymerse works
5 to 3
83
risk factors of cancer
tobacco, diet, viruses, STI, enviroment
84
regulator/supressor genes
in charge of start and stop -proteins involved with cell communication

biology 30 (8 decks)

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