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biology 30 > molecular genetics > Flashcards

molecular genetics Flashcards

1
Q

friedrich miescher

A

discovered DNA in 1989, named it nuklein because it was found in the cells nucleus

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2
Q

walter fleming

A

introduced chromatin
nuklein and chromatin are the same thing

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3
Q

by the 1900s it was understood chromatin consisted of

A

DNA and proteins

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4
Q

PAT levene

A

believed DNA to be too simple to be ‘genetic material’
-protein was more likely, since amino acids are more diverse

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5
Q

hereditary molecule must be able to

A

-control protein and enzyme production
-self replicate
-adapt
-found in nucleus

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6
Q

conclusion of Griffiths experiment

A

R strain bacteria had been transformed by S strain bacteria
-denaturing

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7
Q

avery mccarty - mcleods experiment

A

adaption of griffins experiment that concluded DNA is the molecule that cntrols herditary

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8
Q

DNA

A

genetic material
-most cells contain 2m of DNA

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9
Q

mRNA

A

allows protein synthesis to happen in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

3 structures of DNA

A

1.phosphate group
2.sugar
3.nitrogeneous base

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11
Q

purine

A

double ring structure

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12
Q

pyramidine

A

single ring structure

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13
Q

watson crick model of DNA

A

devloped 3d model of DNA

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14
Q

double helix

A

2 chains of nucleotides coiled around each other

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15
Q

nucleotides

A

structural components/building blocks of DNA and RNA

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16
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

joins bases of chains, easy to break
-important for replication

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17
Q

importance of phosphates

A
  1. linking bonds (connect two compounds, stable, made up of phosphates and esters)
    2.negatively ionized (after bonding one oxygen stays negative, protection, keeps nucleotides and DNA within membranes)
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18
Q

why are phosphates insoluable

A

negative charge

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19
Q

semi conservative replication

A

uses strand of DNA as template to copy two new strands
-half old half new

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20
Q

meselson + stahl experiment

A

confirmed semi conservative replication to be true, produced light/medium
light - new
medium - old

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21
Q

ori

A

site of replication, where it starts unwinding

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22
Q

why are there multiple ori

A

to speed up process of DNA replication

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23
Q

DNA helicase

A

enzyme that unwinds DNA helix, breaks 4 bonds

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24
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

prevent DNA from re-annealing

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25
Q

replication fork

A

region where activity is taking place

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26
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme replicates nucleotides

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27
Q

what direction does DNA replicate

A

5’to 3’

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28
Q

DNA strands replicate

A

semi discontinous

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29
Q

semi discontinous

A

process half discontinous

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30
Q

leading

A

continous and faster

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31
Q

lagging

A

discontinous in pieces

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32
Q

bidirectional replication

A

replication happens in either direction/end

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33
Q

lagging strand synthesis

A

DNA polymerase works away from opening helix, leaves a space imbetween primer -gap

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34
Q

primase

A

makes primer to allow for lagging strand to function
-made up of RNA

35
Q

okazaki

A

gaps left in lagging strandsusually sealed up by DNA ligase, includes primer

36
Q

gaps contain

A

distinctive RNA primer tails

37
Q

proof reasing enzymes

A

goes along with DNA to make sure base have been placed properly

38
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins breaks in phosophorous backbone

39
Q

DNA -> DNA

A

replication

40
Q

DNA -> RNA

A

transcription

41
Q

RNA -> proteins

A

translation
nucleotides to amino acid

42
Q

RNA

A

-sugar is ribose
-uracil used instead of thymine
-single stranded
A=U C=G

43
Q

3 types of RNA

A
  1. messenger
    2.ribosomal
    3.transfer
44
Q

messenger RNA

A

take a copy of DNA, usually short segments
bring from nucleus to cytoplasm

45
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

makes up ribosomes

46
Q

transfer RNA

A

carries amino acids to ribosome

47
Q

protein recap

A

subunits/monomers are amino acids

48
Q

amino acids

A

ten are essential
-linked by peptide bonds
-make up proteins

49
Q

peptide bonds

A

20 kinds
-acid (negative)
-basic (positive)
-hydrophilic (loves water)
-hydrophobic (hates water)

50
Q

structure of proteins

A

1-sequence of amino acids
2-regular repeated folding
3-folding into specific compact structure
4-proteins that consist of more than 1 polypeptide chain

51
Q

transcription

A

DNA –> RNA
-dna code is transferred to RNA molecule
-helix unwinds, and bases are revealed and one strand is transcribed
-mRNA is produced

52
Q

translation

A

RNA –> protein

53
Q

codons

A

how mRNA is read, triplet set of RNA bases
codes for amino acid

54
Q

tRNA counterpart is called a

A

anticodon
-complementary to mRNA

55
Q

nonsense codon

A

STOP
-signals to end protein chain
-terminator codon

56
Q

initator codon

A

point on mRNA where protein chain begins

57
Q

translation sequence

A
  1. mRNA leaves nucleus and grabs onto ribosome
  2. ribosome attaches to mRNA and reads the sqeuence of bases
    3.tRNA picks up the specfic needed amino acids for the code
  3. ribosome binds amino acids through peptide bonds
  4. amino acids joined as the process of ribosome continues reading/attaching
    6.terminator codon ends translation
  5. once protein is complete mRNA may disintigrate
58
Q

translation basic VERY

A

mRNA is read by ribosome, which uses a tRNA to gather the amino acids read out by sequence of bases from mRNA.
amino acids bonded by pepetide bond to create protien.

59
Q

mutations

A

involve gentic change, permanent

60
Q

genes

A

sequence of nucleotides in DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence

61
Q

A

62
Q

G

63
Q

T

64
Q

C

65
Q

all cells contain

A

all genetic information
-specfic genes only act on certain cells

66
Q

mutations occur when

A

sequence of bases are altered

67
Q

subsitution mutation

A

base pair that is substituted at one base point
-sickle cell anemia

68
Q

silent mutation

A

no effect/change due to mutation
-usually undetected

69
Q

missense mutation

A

range of effects, significant or minor
-not unnoticed
-doesn’t neccesarily end in stop

70
Q

nonsense mutation

A

mutation codes in a stop
-drastic effect

71
Q

sickle anemia

A

mutation where protein codes differently due to substiuted A for a T
-makes it hydrophobic thus shape difference

72
Q

trunkated

A

cut short -nonsense

73
Q

deletion mutation

A

base is dropped from the sequence
-severe

74
Q

frame shift mutation

A

moves the genetic code over or ahead due to loss or gain of base
-deletion or addition

75
Q

additions

A

codons have a base added into the sequence

76
Q

genetic engineering

A

artifical change of genes
-intentional

77
Q

recombinant DNA

A

transplanting from one organisms into another

78
Q

gene therapy

A

replacing defective genes with healthier genes, or adding bonus genes

79
Q

retro viruses

A

changes our DNA into it’s DNA into host cell

80
Q

cancer

A

irregular cell cycle production
uncontrollable
-do not proform useful functions in the body

81
Q

oncogenes/protoncogenes

A

genes that can be muted into cancer carrying forms

82
Q

polymerse works

83
Q

risk factors of cancer

A

tobacco, diet, viruses, STI, enviroment

84
Q

regulator/supressor genes

A

in charge of start and stop
-proteins involved with cell communication

biology 30 (8 decks)

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