endocrine system Flashcards
extracellular fluid
nutrients/waste exchange
-surrounds each cell in the body
-correct temp/pH/humidity for membrane functions
-allows for cellular communication
hormones
cellular communication/chemical messengers
-sythesized by glands
-into bloodstream
-affect certain cells
nervous system communicates through
nerves
endocrine system communicates through
hormones
‘not a target cell’
cell that doesn’t have correct receptor
secreting cells
cells releasing hormone through glands into bloodstream
target cell
cells receiving hormone due to correct receptor shape
-receive from bloodstream
endocrine glands have a tendancy to…
over secrete
-negative feedback loop needed
effector cells may respond to
only one hormone or multiple
-depends on receptor
hormonal effects
alter enzyme activity
-regulate biochemical reactions
alter membrane transport
different type of enzyme activity
increase enzyme production
inactivate enzymes
insulin
glucose into glycogen
-storage
glucagon
glycogen into glucose
-need quick energy
epinephrine
glycogen into glucose
-need quick energy
membrane transport
-depending on enzyme, facilitate or inhibit
-transport of substances into the cell
how are types of hormones grouped
structure not function
steroid hormones
4 ring structure
-fat soluable
-pass through cell membrane
-connect receptor inside cell
examples - sex hormones, corisol
protein hormones
-composed of amino acids (varies)
-water soluable, cannot manage through membrane
-attaches to cell receptors on membrane (intiated within cell)
second messenger action system
-since hormones cannot activate within cell
-adenylcyclase
-allows for homones to still properly react
adenylcyclase
relay system of ATP to CAMP
cyclic AMP
CAMP
-2nd messengar by activating other enzymes
exocrine
not neccesarily going into the blood
-ducted
-secrete sweat,mucus, digestive enzymes
endocrine
into the blood
-ductless
-hormones directly into the blood
hyper gland
excessive production of a hormone
hypo gland
not producing enough of a hormone
pituitary gland
controls many other endocrine glands via secretions
-underneath hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
hormone producing cells
-responds to releasing factors*
-primarily glandular
-not direct connection to hypothalamus
human growth hormone
skeletol/body growth
-stimulates liver to release proteins
-secreted by anterior pituitary
-childhood/adolescence
dwarfism
hyposecretion of human growth hormone during childhood
simmons disease
hyposecretion of human growth hormone in adults
-lethargy,obesity, memory/personnality shifts
gigantism
hypersecretion of human growth hormone in childhood
-growth/tall
-dense bones
acromegaly
hypersecretion of human growth hormone in adults
-usually result of tumor
-growth of soft tissue/bone
thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid gland, to produce thyroxine
-secreted by anterior pituitary
adrenocriticoptropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
-secreted by anterior pituitary
follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates egg/sperm development
-secreted by anterior pituitary
lutenizing hormone
stimulates ovaries to produce progesterone
stimulate testies to produce testosterone
-secreted by anterior pituitary
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
stimulates testosterone production in males
-secreted by anterior pituitary
prolactin
stimulates breast development and milk production
-secreted by anterior pituitary
-AFTER childbirth
melanocyte stimulating hormone
stimulates melanin skin pigment
-secreted by anterior pituitary
endorphins
attaches to nerves to reduce pain
-secreted by anterior pituitary
-example morphine
negative feedback systems
maintains homeostasis
target hormone
controls secretion of itself
-through NFBL
ACTH/Cortisol NFBL
cortisol levels rise, ACTH rises
-likewise
thyroid stimulating hormone/thyoxine NFBL
high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone inc production of thyroxine
calcitonin
decreases calcium levels in blood by putting onto bone
-produced in thyroid
“tumor maker”
parathyroid hormone
takes calcium from bone into bloodstream
-produced by parathyroid
insulin
lower blood glucose (convert into glycogen)
-storage
-produced by beta cells
glucagon
raise blood glucose (converts into glucose)
-energy
-produced by alpha cells
antidiuretic hormone (vassopressin)
causes vasoconstriction, kidney reabsorption
-secreted by pituitary posterior
diabetes insipidus
low antidiuretic hormone
-dilute more urine
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions
-love hormone/social bonding
hypothalamus
releases “releasing factors” that aid in all sorts of negative feedback loops and/or homeostasis
thyroxine
stimulates body metabolism/temperature/cellular respiration
hypothyroidism
-low body temp
-low energy
-mental slowness
-fat storage
hyperthyroidism
-high body temp
-high energy, anxious
-weight loss
goiter
insufficent iodine
-thyroid swells/neck enlargens
cortex
outer
medulla
inner
epinephrine/adrenaline
-released in response to stress
inc metabolic rate
-secreted by adrenal medulla
norepinrphrine
vasoconstriction/inc blood pressure
-secreted by adrenal medulla
dopamine
reward/motivation
dilate arteries/in cardiac output/ inc blood flow
aldosterone
ion retention in kidneys
-K excretion
-affects water levels
cortisol
fat/protein breakdown
-contains anti flammintory
