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Theriogenology > Reproductive Toxicants > Flashcards

Reproductive Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

What reproductive toxicants are teratogens?

A

▪ Locoweed
▪ Poison Hemlock
▪ Lupines
▪ Tree tobacco

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2
Q

What reproductie toxicants cause abortions?

A

▪ Locoweed
▪ Nitrates
▪ Ponderosa Pine
▪ Broomweed

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3
Q

What reproductive toxicants cause infertility?

A

▪ Locoweed
▪ Fescue
▪ Insecticides (?)

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4
Q

What is the science name for poison hemlock?

A

Conium maculatum

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5
Q

When does poison hemlock spring up? hint hint

A

Spring time –> first green forage to appear

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6
Q

What problem does poison hemlock cause?

A

▪ Crooked Calf Syndrome
▪ Multiple congenital contractures
▪ Ingestion 50-75 days in gestation

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7
Q

What are some examples of lupines and what problems do they cause?

A 
▪ Anagyrine (Lupinus caudatus) and ammodendrine (Lupinus formosus)
▪ Teratogenic
▪ Severe limb and spinal deformities
▪ Cleft palate
▪ Ingestion between 40-70 days
▪ Not teratogenic in small ruminants
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8
Q

What is the scientific name for tobacco and what problem does it cause?

A

▪ Nicotiana glauca
▪ Teratogenic
▪ Arthrogryposis of the forelimbs and curvature of the spine
▪ Ingestion between 50-75 days

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9
Q

What are some examples and problems with locoweed?

A

▪ Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.
▪ Swainsonine (toxin –> important part)
▪ Can cause:
▪ Neurologic signs
▪ Abortion
▪ Fetal abnormalities- hydrops/arthrogryposis
▪ Up to 40% of cattle grazing may abort
▪ Cattle get “hooked” and can’t quit
▪ Chronic condition; need ingestion for 4-6 weeks
▪ Diagnosis on circumstantial evidence
▪ Causes more economic losses than any other plant** Animals get hooked on it and can’t stop eating it

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10
Q

What is the main toxicant in ponderosa pine?

A

Isocupressic acid

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11
Q

What problem does ponderosa pine cause?

A

▪ Up to 50% abortion rate in cattle grazing pine needles
▪ Vasoconstriction at caruncles
▪ Hemorrhagic placentitis
▪ > 3 days of ingestion
▪ Diagnosis on history of ingestion and circumstantial
evidence
▪ Feeding corn silage reduces ingestion

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12
Q

What are the toxins in broomweed/snakeweed?

A

▪ Mono and di-terpenes, saponins, oxygentated flavonol
methyl esters
▪ Toxicity varies according to growing conditions, stage of growth,
and soil type

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13
Q

What problems occur due to broomweed/snakeweed?

A

▪ Abortion and retained fetal membranes
▪ Spring
▪ First to bloom

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14
Q

What is the toxin in fescue?

A

The fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum produces toxic alkaloid ERGOVALINE –> causes peripheral vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What is the problem with fescue toxicity?

A

▪ “Summer Slump” in cattle
▪ Decreased repro eff./infertility
▪ Decreased milk

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16
Q

How do you treat fescue toxicity?

A

▪ Rotate off of fescue in summer
▪ Re-plant pastures…
▪ Avoid seedhead grazing
▪ Mow or heavy graze

17
Q

How do you get nitrate poisoning?

A 
▪ Nitrate accumulating plants
▪ Johnson grass, Sudan grass, oats, wheat, corn
▪ Exposure to fertilizers
▪ Especially seen in drought periods
▪ Rumen microbes increase toxic nitrite
▪ Methemoglobinemia
18
Q

What clinical signs does nitrate toxicity cause?

A

▪ Fetal hypoxia and death

▪ Late gestation abortions

19
Q

How do you diagnose and treat nitrate poisoning?

A

▪ Diagnosis- test ocular fluid of aborted fetus

▪ Prevention- Test hay- > 1 % =toxic

20
Q

What are some types of insecticides that cause toxicity?

A 
• Pyrethroid insecticides used in beef cattle operations to combat pests
(flies, ticks, lice)
• Methods of application include
• topical (pour ons) & ear tags
• Back rubs
• Sprays
• Seasons for pest control coincide with breeding seasons in most beef
operations
21
Q

How do pyrethroid insecticides alter reproduction?

A
  • Pyrethroids are metabolized by same group of enzymes that clear steroid hormones
  • Potential for reproduction to be altered if sex steroid profiles are disrupted
22
Q

Why would you want to cause abortion in cattle?

A 
▪ Accidental breeding of young heifers
▪ Bull running with herd year round
▪ Pregnancy in feedlot heifer
▪ Fetal maceration
▪ Fetal mummification
▪ May also surgically remove
▪ Hydrops conditions
23
Q

What is hydrallantois?

A 
▪ Abnormal accumulation of
allantoic fluid during 5-20 day
period of last trimester
▪ More common
▪ Placental dysfunction
▪ Seen more commonly in IVF or
transgenic fetus
24
Q

What is hydramnios?

A 
▪ Gradual accumulation of
excessive amniotic fluid
▪ Fetal dysfunction
▪ Fetal abnormality that prevents
swallowing or intestinal
transport of amniotic fluids
25
Q

What is dropsical condition abortion treatment?

A 
▪ Induce abortion
▪ Slow drainage of fluid
▪ 24 hour period
▪ Constant monitoring
▪ Dam
▪ Vaginal exam for relaxation of cervix
▪ Delivery will most likely require assistance

Theriogenology (19 decks)

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