Bovine Infectious Infertility and Abortion Flashcards
What is early embryonic death?
Fetal death less than 8 weeks
What is abortion?
Fetal death between 42/56 and 260 days of gestation
What is a stillbirth?
Fetal death greater than 260 days
Intervention level is what percentage of a herd?
5%
Where do you find Listeria monocytogenes?
- Rotting hay and improperly stored silage
What is the pathogenesis of Listeria?
▪ Ingestion replication in monocyte-mac placenta placentitis and fetal septicemia
abortion
▪ Predilection for fetoplacental tissues
▪ Fetuses are usually retained in utero for a few days and undergo severe autolysis
What are the clinical signs of Listeria?
▪ Causes abortion in last trimester
▪ One of few causes of abortion in cattle that you actually see sick infected cows, before, during,
and after abortion
▪ Encephalitis and neonatal disease
Where part of the cow does campylobacter foetus veneralis infect?
Genitalia
** also called Vibrio**
What Campylobacters are not transmitted venereally but cause sporadic abortions in cattle?
▪ C. fetus fetus
▪ C. fetus jejuni
▪ GI tract inhabitants
How is C. foetus veneralis transmitted?
▪ Coitus colonizes in vagina and cervix uterus and oviducts infection EED
▪ Conception is not affected
▪ Can also be transmitted through fomites
▪ AI equipment
▪ Embryo equipmen
How do you diagnose C foetus veneralis?
▪ Primary = delayed return to estrus ▪ Rarely observed= vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis ▪ Less than 10% abort fetus ▪ 4 to 6 months ▪ Bulls- none ▪ Clark’s media ▪ Preputial scrapings ▪ Vaginal mucus ▪ Fetal abomasum contents, placenta
How do you treat C foetus veneralis?
▪ Treatment
▪ Cull bulls
▪ Cow usually clears in 3 to 6 months
How do you control C foetus veneralis?
▪ AI ▪ Use Camp negative bulls ▪ Vaccines- ▪ Vaccinate cows before breeding season ▪ 2 inj. 2-4 wks apart such that last injection is given 2 wks before breeding season ▪ Annual booster
Where does Tritrichomonas foetus reside?
▪ Primarily preputial crypts
▪ Older bulls inc. #’s
▪ Vagina or uterus
How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted?
▪ Coitus transmitted to female establish infection in vagina and progress to uterus ▪ Does not prevent conception ▪ Causes fetal loss ▪ Usually EED ▪ Bulls are primary reservoirs
How is tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed?
▪ Herd history ▪ Reverse stair step ▪ Gradual increase in herd infertility ▪ Apparent conception then return to heats 60-90 d postservice ▪ Prolonged interestrus intervals ▪ Early abortions ▪ Often unobserved ▪ Abortions rarely past 150 days ▪ Postcoital pyometra* ▪ Samples (cont.) ▪ Preputial wash: ▪ Pipette with aspiration ▪ Samples go into Diamond’s media or InPouch ▪ Cultured and sent to lab for observation of protozoa
How do you treat Tritrichomonas foetus?
▪ Use only culture negative or bulls less than 4 yrs old
▪ Test and cull bulls
▪ Use AI
▪ Sexual rest for cows for min. 3 cycles- breed to uninfected bulls
▪ Quarantine or divide herd
▪ Vaccines- TrichGuard- doesn’t prevent dz- shortens recovery interval
How is Neospora caninum transmitted?
▪ Dogs are definitive host
▪ Ingestion of dog/coyote feces
▪ Primarily transmitted vertically
How does it affect the dam? The calves?
▪ No clinical disease in dam
▪ Infected calves are normal, weak or aborted
What are the clinical signs of Neospora caninum?
▪ Abortion 3rd trimester, cow not ill
▪ Abortions can occur anytime
How do you diagnose Neospora caninum?
▪ IHC on fetal tissues and placenta
▪ Serologic testing
▪ Most positive cows pass dz to offspring (80%)
▪ Once a cow is positive, she stays positive
How do you prevent/ control Neospora caninum?
▪ Disrupt predator-prey life cycle ▪ Dispose carcasses/placentas quickly ▪ Store and serve feed water in way that prevents fecal contamination ▪ Select negative replacement heifers ▪ Vaccines are developing…
What causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and what are its forms?
– Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) – Latency – Venereal Form • Rarely see abortions • Infectious Pustular Vulvoganinitis and Balanoposthitis • Most frequently diagnosed cause of viral abortion in North America • Airborne transmission possible
How is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis transmitted?
• Venereal form – coitus – Instruments – semen • Systemic – Contracted from mucus membranes – Virus shed in: » Aborted fetus » Respiratory
What are the pathogenesis/ clinical signs of IBR?
– Systemic
• Naïve cow exposed virus replication fetal infection
abortion
• Abortion storms can occur with as many as 25-60% of cows
in herd aborting.
• Commonly abort between 4 and 8 months gestation
• Respiratory signs in cow +/-
• MLV can cause abortions
– Venereal
• Pustules, nodules, ulcers, erosions on vulva and penis
How do you diagnose infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
• Lesions are suggestive – Fetus » Autolysed » Foci of necrosis in liver and other organs – IHC and microscopic exam confirms » Intranuclear inclusion bodies – FA used as well
How do you treat infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
• Venereal
– Lesions spontaneously resolve in 1 to 2 wks
How do you control/ prevent IBR?
– Biosecurity
– Vaccination- follow manf.’s recc.
– AI – use negative semen
What causes bovine viral diarrhea?
Bovine viral diarrhea virus!
What two forms does BVD exist as?
Genotypes (1 and 2)
Biotypes (cytopathic and noncytopathic –> all persistently infected calves )
What is the primary transmission of BVDV?
Vertical
