reproductive system - worksheet

Question 1

day 1-5 - sloughing off of built-up endometrial lining in uterus from previous menstrual cycle

Answer 1

follicular phase

Question 2

2nd phase, day 14, high surge of LH from ant. pituitary causes maturation & release of most developed ovarian follicle

Answer 2

ovulation phase

Question 3

day 15-28 - lutenizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovaries to secrete progesterone, a small amount of relaxin, & inhibin, they also continue to secrete estrogen

Answer 3

luteal phase

Question 4

why have death rates of cervical cancer declined more than 45% since the 1970s?

Answer 4

increased prevalence of routine Papanicolaou (Pap) screening

Question 5

cessation of menstruation, regarded as a normal physiologic process & natural life event

Answer 5

menopause

average age = 51

Question 6

implantation of a fertilized ovum outside uterine cavity, 95% occur in fallopian tube

Answer 6

ectopic pregnancy

Question 7

primary vs. secondary amenorrhea

Answer 7

primary: by age 15, chromosomal abnormalities

secondary: cessation for 6 months if already started, weight loss, excessive exercise

Question 8

downward displacement of uterus or vagina from its normal position due to weakened pelvic floor mm & supporting ligaments

Answer 8

uterine prolapse

Question 9

Tx for menopause if symptoms are severe

Answer 9

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Question 10

what is premenstrual syndrome?

Answer 10

cluster of temporary symptoms 3 -14 days before menstruation

Question 11

cause of mastitis

Answer 11

bacterial staphylococcus aureus, blocked milk duct

Question 12

causes of miscarriage

Answer 12

chromosomal abnormalities (50%), drug & alcohol abuse, exposure to environmental toxins, hormonal irregularities, infection, obesity

Question 13

uterine fibroids are ____ dependent, and the use of _____ lower risk of developing fibroids

Answer 13

hormone

oral contraceptive & pregnancy

Question 14

inflammatory condition of any or all organs of the female reproductive tract

Answer 14

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Question 15

2 distinct rare types of breast cancer

Answer 15

1. Paget’s disease of the nipple
2. Inflammatory breast cancer

Question 16

fertilized ovum implants in lower segment of uterus & developing placenta grows over internal cervical os, passage between uterus & cervix - puts mother & baby at risk as result of hemorrhage during 3rd trimester

Answer 16

placenta previa

Question 17

clinical features of gestational diabetes

Answer 17

3 P’s of diabetes:
-polyuria: excessive urination
-polydipsia: excessive thirst
-polyphagia: excessive hunger

some asymptomatic, hypertension

Question 18

pathogenesis of preeclampsia & eclampsia

Answer 18

unsure, insufficient blood flow to uterus, high BP causing damage to kidneys or liver

Question 19

endometrial tissue grows outside uterus & responds to hormones causing pain & inflammation, eventually scarring

Answer 19

endometriosis

Question 20

classic triad of symptoms for endometriosis

Answer 20

-painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
-painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
-infertility or difficulty conceiving

pain may also occur during urination (dysuria) or with defecation (dyschezia)

Question 21

____ is the most common gynecologic cancer in women, & ____ is the 2nd most common

Answer 21

1: uterine/ endometrial cancer
2: ovarian cancer

Question 22

causes of dysmenorrhea

Answer 22

endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, unknown cause

Question 23

what are the 2 types of ovarian cysts?

Answer 23

1. follicular/functional cysts: from a follicle
2. corpus luteum cysts: from a ruptured follicle that eventually forms corpus luteum

Question 24

most common cancer in women

Answer 24

breast cancer

Question 25

1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester of pregnancy

Answer 25

1st: first 14 weeks of pregnancy
2nd: week 14-28
3rd: week 28-40 or birth

Question 26

rare mass/ growth (80% benign) of abnormally fertilized egg & placenta that forms inside uterus at beginning of a pregnancy

Answer 26

hydatidiform mole/ molar pregnancy

Question 27

classic triad of symptoms for preeclampsia & eclampsia

Answer 27

-hypertension
-sudden weight gain with edema (primarily in hands, feet, face)
-protein in urine (proteinuria)

Question 28

dilated vein in scrotum, usually on left side

Answer 28

varicocele

Question 29

inflammation & swelling of prostate gland

Answer 29

prostatitis

Question 30

3 main types of prostatitis

Answer 30

-acute bacterial: ascending infection of urinary tract by STI
-chronic bacterial: recurrent UTIs/ systemic bacterial infection
-nonbacterial: inflammation with no evidence of bacterial infection

Question 31

testis rotates on spermatic cord, compressing arteries & veins

Answer 31

torsion

Question 32

what type of cancer is primarily in the 15 to 35 years age group with incidence increasing?

Answer 32

testicular cancer

Question 33

Tx for epispadias & hypospadias

Answer 33

surgical reconstruction

Question 34

difference between hydrocele & spermatocele

Answer 34

hydrocele: collection of fluid around testicle

spermatocele: collection of fluid around epididymis

Question 35

Tx for cryptorchidsm (undescended testicle)

Answer 35

usually descends on its own in first year, if not = increased risk of testicular cancer, surgical repositioning of testes in scrotum before age 2 is advisable

Question 36

Tx for bacterial prostatitis

Answer 36

antibiotics (bacterial only), anti-inflammatory medications, analgesics

Question 37

non-malignant & non-inflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland

Answer 37

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 38

clinical features of prostate cancer

Answer 38

often asymptomatic at diagnosis

urinary hesitancy, weak/ interrupted urine flow, urinary frequency (polyuria), painful urination (dysuria), erectile dysfunction/ blood in urine (hematuria)
-if rectal obstruction occurs, person may experience bowel obstruction/ constipation