reproductive system - worksheet Flashcards
day 1-5 - sloughing off of built-up endometrial lining in uterus from previous menstrual cycle
follicular phase
2nd phase, day 14, high surge of LH from ant. pituitary causes maturation & release of most developed ovarian follicle
ovulation phase
day 15-28 - lutenizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovaries to secrete progesterone, a small amount of relaxin, & inhibin, they also continue to secrete estrogen
luteal phase
why have death rates of cervical cancer declined more than 45% since the 1970s?
increased prevalence of routine Papanicolaou (Pap) screening
cessation of menstruation, regarded as a normal physiologic process & natural life event
menopause
average age = 51
implantation of a fertilized ovum outside uterine cavity, 95% occur in fallopian tube
ectopic pregnancy
primary vs. secondary amenorrhea
primary: by age 15, chromosomal abnormalities
secondary: cessation for 6 months if already started, weight loss, excessive exercise
downward displacement of uterus or vagina from its normal position due to weakened pelvic floor mm & supporting ligaments
uterine prolapse
Tx for menopause if symptoms are severe
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
what is premenstrual syndrome?
cluster of temporary symptoms 3 -14 days before menstruation
cause of mastitis
bacterial staphylococcus aureus, blocked milk duct
causes of miscarriage
chromosomal abnormalities (50%), drug & alcohol abuse, exposure to environmental toxins, hormonal irregularities, infection, obesity
uterine fibroids are ____ dependent, and the use of _____ lower risk of developing fibroids
hormone
oral contraceptive & pregnancy
inflammatory condition of any or all organs of the female reproductive tract
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
2 distinct rare types of breast cancer
- Paget’s disease of the nipple
- Inflammatory breast cancer
fertilized ovum implants in lower segment of uterus & developing placenta grows over internal cervical os, passage between uterus & cervix - puts mother & baby at risk as result of hemorrhage during 3rd trimester
placenta previa
clinical features of gestational diabetes
3 P’s of diabetes:
-polyuria: excessive urination
-polydipsia: excessive thirst
-polyphagia: excessive hunger
some asymptomatic, hypertension
pathogenesis of preeclampsia & eclampsia
unsure, insufficient blood flow to uterus, high BP causing damage to kidneys or liver
endometrial tissue grows outside uterus & responds to hormones causing pain & inflammation, eventually scarring
endometriosis
classic triad of symptoms for endometriosis
-painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
-painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
-infertility or difficulty conceiving
pain may also occur during urination (dysuria) or with defecation (dyschezia)
____ is the most common gynecologic cancer in women, & ____ is the 2nd most common
1: uterine/ endometrial cancer
2: ovarian cancer
causes of dysmenorrhea
endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, unknown cause
what are the 2 types of ovarian cysts?
- follicular/functional cysts: from a follicle
- corpus luteum cysts: from a ruptured follicle that eventually forms corpus luteum
most common cancer in women
breast cancer
1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester of pregnancy
1st: first 14 weeks of pregnancy
2nd: week 14-28
3rd: week 28-40 or birth
rare mass/ growth (80% benign) of abnormally fertilized egg & placenta that forms inside uterus at beginning of a pregnancy
hydatidiform mole/ molar pregnancy
classic triad of symptoms for preeclampsia & eclampsia
-hypertension
-sudden weight gain with edema (primarily in hands, feet, face)
-protein in urine (proteinuria)
dilated vein in scrotum, usually on left side
varicocele
inflammation & swelling of prostate gland
prostatitis
3 main types of prostatitis
-acute bacterial: ascending infection of urinary tract by STI
-chronic bacterial: recurrent UTIs/ systemic bacterial infection
-nonbacterial: inflammation with no evidence of bacterial infection
testis rotates on spermatic cord, compressing arteries & veins
torsion
what type of cancer is primarily in the 15 to 35 years age group with incidence increasing?
testicular cancer
Tx for epispadias & hypospadias
surgical reconstruction
difference between hydrocele & spermatocele
hydrocele: collection of fluid around testicle
spermatocele: collection of fluid around epididymis
Tx for cryptorchidsm (undescended testicle)
usually descends on its own in first year, if not = increased risk of testicular cancer, surgical repositioning of testes in scrotum before age 2 is advisable
Tx for bacterial prostatitis
antibiotics (bacterial only), anti-inflammatory medications, analgesics
non-malignant & non-inflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hyperplasia
clinical features of prostate cancer
often asymptomatic at diagnosis
urinary hesitancy, weak/ interrupted urine flow, urinary frequency (polyuria), painful urination (dysuria), erectile dysfunction/ blood in urine (hematuria)
-if rectal obstruction occurs, person may experience bowel obstruction/ constipation
