MIDTERM - worksheet +hints Flashcards
most common type of arthritis
osteoarthritis
seronegative spondyloarthritis are a group of disorders characterized by what 3 things?
- lack of serum markers
- HLA-B27
- inflammation of synovial joints
which types of arthritis is asymmetrical?
psoriatic arthritis, pseudogout
clinical features of osteoarthritis
-joint pain with crepitus
-slow progression
-morning stiffness
-Herbden’s nodes (DIP joints in women)
what is the different between gout & pseudogout?
gout: MTP of big toe, monosodium urate crystals, uric acid, tophus
pseudogout: monoarticular, knee, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, bacteria/ virus/ fungi
invasion of single joint space (monoarticular) with pathogenic microorganism like bacteria, virus, fungi - most common cause is staphylococcus
infectious/ septic arthritis
____ arthritis is symmetrical, polyarticular & usually involves small joints
rheumatoid arthritis
which type of arthritis causes joint stiffness, swelling & pain, triggered by a bacterial infection?
reactive arthritis
which type of arthritis affects skin & joints?
psoriatic arthritis
chronic inflammation of tendons/ ligaments at insertion site which causes joint erosion, fibrosis & ossification of joint capsule
ankylosing spondylitis
central spinal canal is constricted/ narrowed by a thickened ligament & occurs in which two regions?
spinal stenosis
lumbar & cervical
____ is a defect in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch and ____ is a forward displacement of a vertebra
spondylolysis
sondylolisthesis
main cause of tendonitis
chronic overuse & repetitive movements
clinic features of Horner’s syndrome
subtle symptoms, decreased pupil size, drooping eyelid & decreased sweating on one side of face
which pathology is treated with fasciotomy surgery?
compartment syndrome
3 types of spina bifida
spina bifida occulta: hidden, mildest, most common, one or more of SPs fail to unite leaving open gap posteriorly
myelomeningocele: most severe, SP’s fail to form at multiple locations (usually L-spine) & spinal canal is open exposing meninges, spinal cord & nerves, life threatening, may cause paralysis
meningocele: very rare, just meninges herniate, no cord involvement
crush injury to a mm with bleeding into mm & subcutaneous tissue
contusion
solid swelling of clotted blood that collects in tissue, outside of a blood vessel
hematoma
in ____ main effect is overproduction & accumulation of COLLAGEN, leads to fibrosis/ scaring & inflammation causing skin & superficial fascia to thicken & harden
scleroderma
chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects skin, bones, nervous system & brain, kindeys, lungs - butterfly rash = most common symptom
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
polyarteritis nodosa is strongly associated with a ____ infection
hepatitis B
genetic disroder that affects proteins that contribute to elasticity & strength of CT
Marfan syndrome
how is fibromyalgia diagnosed?
total of 18 tender points in the body, diagnosis is made if 11 are tender to digital palpation
(elevated substance P levels)
what are the 2 types of seizures?
partial (60% of cases): seizure activity limited to single area of brain, & person does not lose consciousness - often exhibits lack of awareness, not knowing where he or she is or how much time has passed
generalized (30% of cases): seizure activity involves a diffuse area of brain or whole brain
most common types of generalized seizures
absence (petit-mal): brief loss of awareness,10sec
tonic-clonic (grand-mal): contract-relax pattern,10-30min
unclassified seizures (10% of cases)
Status Epilepticus seizure
occurs when seizures are recurrent without a full return to consciousness from the preceding seizure or may also be a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes
most common areas for a spinal cord injury
C1-C7
T12-L2
difference between an upper motor lesion & a lower motor lesion
upper: lesion in CNS occurring above anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of a cranial nerve
lower: lesion occurring below anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of a cranial nerve
inflammation caused by damage/ irritation of a nerve producing stabbing, burning, severe P
neuritis/ neuralgia
difference between meningitis & encephalitis
M: inflammation of fluid surrounding meninges & meninges themselves, affects brain/ spinal cord
E: inflammation of brain with swelling & necrosis, develops after systemic viral disease, when involves meninges = meningoencephalitis
in which pathology does the virus enter via fecal-oral route/ respiratory route & infect cells of nervous system, specifically motor neurons in anterior horn destroying cells
poliomyelitis
with ____ abnormal protein clumbs called ‘plaques’ & irregular knots called ‘neurofibrillary tangles’ form in nerve cells in the brain
Alzheimer’s
chorea is a clinical finding in which neurological pathology?
Huntington’s disease
rare degenerative, genetic disorder that causes degeneration of nerve cells, neurons in basal ganglia & cerebral cortex begin to atrophy & ventricles become dilated, gene can be passed down
Huntington’s disease
classic triad of symptoms for Parkinson’s
tremors, rigidity & slowness of voluntary movements (bradykinesia)
progressive demylination of neurons in the brain & spinal cord including cranial nerves (optic)
multiple sclerosis (MS)
types of MS
-relapsing-remitting: most cases (90%), lasting weeks-months with states of remission
-primary progressive: steady progression, no remission
-secondary progressive: was relapsing-remitting, now into new stage of continuous deterioration
-progressive-relapsing: rare, similar to primary with relapses bringing on worsened symptoms
which neurological pathology progresses rapidly, leading to respiratory failure (breathing mm fail) & death, usually within 2-5yrs?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
transient ischemic attack (TIA) - what blocks blood vessels?
thrombi (stationary blood clot) & emboli (floating blood clot)
in a ____ stroke, the blood vessel wall ruptures & bleeds into brain, killing brain tissue on contact
hemorrhagic
*ischemic: most common, narrowed blood vessels become blocked & cause clots to lodge and occlude vessels
what motor disorder caused by brain damage in the fetus, hypoxia & ischemia damage motor control centre in brain
cerebral palsy
inflammation & swelling of cranial nerve VII/ facial nerve causing weakness & paralysis of facial mm unilaterally
Bell’s palsy
myesthenia gravis is impaired impulse transmission of motor neurons caused by antibodies that attack & destroy ____ receptors at the NMJ
acetycholine
excruciating episodic pain on face in regions where trigeminal nerve (cranial V) supplies sensation, pain is so bad it may cause suicide, known as “suicide disease”
trigeminal neuralgia
related to imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides & serotonin which helps regulate pain via the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway - blood vessels become dilated & inflamed, resulting in a headache
migraine / vascular headache
thoracic outlet is a compression of nerves in the ____
brachial plexus
anatomic defects like a cervical rib (extra rib at C7) or a tight band of fibrous tissue connecting the spine to the first rib
etiology: TOS
what is muscular/ disuse atrophy
decrease in mm cell diameter & decrease in size of mm
chronic pain syndrome with localized trigger points & fascial constrictions in a mm producing pain & causing myofascial pain
myofascial pain syndrome
which pathology involves inflammation in the skin & mm?
dermatomyositis
progressive loss of dopamine producing neurons in basal ganglia, substantia nigra leading to cell death & loss of function (less and less dopamine)
Parkinson’s disease
what functions to: modulate reward, risk taking, impulsivity, mood, attention & arousal behaviours in brain, if unbalanced those behaviours are modified
neurotransmitter
bone tissue develops inside mm tissue in an abnormal reaction to a bruise/ hematoma formation
myositis ossificans
what is Gower’s sign & what pathology is it seen in?
muscular dystrophy (duchenne)
child uses arms to push off to rise from sitting to standing
median nerve pathologies
-pronator teres syndrome
-anterior interosseous syndrome
radial nerve pathologies
-posterior interosseous syndrome
-crutch palsy
-saturday night palsy
-cheiralgia paresthetica
ulnar nerve pathologies
-gamekeepers thumb
-cubital tunnel syndrome
-ulnar tunnel syndrome
