MIDTERM - worksheet +hints Flashcards by gabi beselt

most common type of arthritis

osteoarthritis

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seronegative spondyloarthritis are a group of disorders characterized by what 3 things?

lack of serum markers
HLA-B27
inflammation of synovial joints

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which types of arthritis is asymmetrical?

psoriatic arthritis, pseudogout

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clinical features of osteoarthritis

-joint pain with crepitus
-slow progression
-morning stiffness
-Herbden’s nodes (DIP joints in women)

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what is the different between gout & pseudogout?

gout: MTP of big toe, monosodium urate crystals, uric acid, tophus

pseudogout: monoarticular, knee, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, bacteria/ virus/ fungi

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invasion of single joint space (monoarticular) with pathogenic microorganism like bacteria, virus, fungi - most common cause is staphylococcus

infectious/ septic arthritis

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____ arthritis is symmetrical, polyarticular & usually involves small joints

rheumatoid arthritis

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which type of arthritis causes joint stiffness, swelling & pain, triggered by a bacterial infection?

reactive arthritis

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which type of arthritis affects skin & joints?

psoriatic arthritis

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chronic inflammation of tendons/ ligaments at insertion site which causes joint erosion, fibrosis & ossification of joint capsule

ankylosing spondylitis

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central spinal canal is constricted/ narrowed by a thickened ligament & occurs in which two regions?

spinal stenosis

lumbar & cervical

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____ is a defect in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch and ____ is a forward displacement of a vertebra

spondylolysis

sondylolisthesis

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main cause of tendonitis

chronic overuse & repetitive movements

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clinic features of Horner’s syndrome

subtle symptoms, decreased pupil size, drooping eyelid & decreased sweating on one side of face

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which pathology is treated with fasciotomy surgery?

compartment syndrome

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3 types of spina bifida

spina bifida occulta: hidden, mildest, most common, one or more of SPs fail to unite leaving open gap posteriorly

myelomeningocele: most severe, SP’s fail to form at multiple locations (usually L-spine) & spinal canal is open exposing meninges, spinal cord & nerves, life threatening, may cause paralysis

meningocele: very rare, just meninges herniate, no cord involvement

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crush injury to a mm with bleeding into mm & subcutaneous tissue

contusion

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solid swelling of clotted blood that collects in tissue, outside of a blood vessel

hematoma

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in ____ main effect is overproduction & accumulation of COLLAGEN, leads to fibrosis/ scaring & inflammation causing skin & superficial fascia to thicken & harden

scleroderma

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chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects skin, bones, nervous system & brain, kindeys, lungs - butterfly rash = most common symptom

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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polyarteritis nodosa is strongly associated with a ____ infection

hepatitis B

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genetic disroder that affects proteins that contribute to elasticity & strength of CT

Marfan syndrome

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how is fibromyalgia diagnosed?

total of 18 tender points in the body, diagnosis is made if 11 are tender to digital palpation

(elevated substance P levels)

what are the 2 types of seizures?

partial (60% of cases): seizure activity limited to single area of brain, & person does not lose consciousness - often exhibits lack of awareness, not knowing where he or she is or how much time has passed

generalized (30% of cases): seizure activity involves a diffuse area of brain or whole brain

most common types of generalized seizures

absence (petit-mal): brief loss of awareness,10sec tonic-clonic (grand-mal): contract-relax pattern,10-30min unclassified seizures (10% of cases)

Status Epilepticus seizure

occurs when seizures are recurrent without a full return to consciousness from the preceding seizure or may also be a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes

most common areas for a spinal cord injury

C1-C7 T12-L2

difference between an upper motor lesion & a lower motor lesion

upper: lesion in CNS occurring above anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of a cranial nerve lower: lesion occurring below anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of a cranial nerve

inflammation caused by damage/ irritation of a nerve producing stabbing, burning, severe P

neuritis/ neuralgia

difference between meningitis & encephalitis

M: inflammation of fluid surrounding meninges & meninges themselves, affects brain/ spinal cord E: inflammation of brain with swelling & necrosis, develops after systemic viral disease, when involves meninges = meningoencephalitis

in which pathology does the virus enter via fecal-oral route/ respiratory route & infect cells of nervous system, specifically motor neurons in anterior horn destroying cells

poliomyelitis

with ____ abnormal protein clumbs called 'plaques' & irregular knots called 'neurofibrillary tangles' form in nerve cells in the brain

Alzheimer's

chorea is a clinical finding in which neurological pathology?

Huntington's disease

rare degenerative, genetic disorder that causes degeneration of nerve cells, neurons in basal ganglia & cerebral cortex begin to atrophy & ventricles become dilated, gene can be passed down

Huntington's disease

classic triad of symptoms for Parkinson's

tremors, rigidity & slowness of voluntary movements (bradykinesia)

progressive demylination of neurons in the brain & spinal cord including cranial nerves (optic)

multiple sclerosis (MS)

types of MS

-relapsing-remitting: most cases (90%), lasting weeks-months with states of remission -primary progressive: steady progression, no remission -secondary progressive: was relapsing-remitting, now into new stage of continuous deterioration -progressive-relapsing: rare, similar to primary with relapses bringing on worsened symptoms

which neurological pathology progresses rapidly, leading to respiratory failure (breathing mm fail) & death, usually within 2-5yrs?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

transient ischemic attack (TIA) - what blocks blood vessels?

thrombi (stationary blood clot) & emboli (floating blood clot)

in a ____ stroke, the blood vessel wall ruptures & bleeds into brain, killing brain tissue on contact

hemorrhagic *ischemic: most common, narrowed blood vessels become blocked & cause clots to lodge and occlude vessels

what motor disorder caused by brain damage in the fetus, hypoxia & ischemia damage motor control centre in brain

cerebral palsy

inflammation & swelling of cranial nerve VII/ facial nerve causing weakness & paralysis of facial mm unilaterally

Bell's palsy

myesthenia gravis is impaired impulse transmission of motor neurons caused by antibodies that attack & destroy ____ receptors at the NMJ

acetycholine

excruciating episodic pain on face in regions where trigeminal nerve (cranial V) supplies sensation, pain is so bad it may cause suicide, known as “suicide disease”

trigeminal neuralgia

related to imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides & serotonin which helps regulate pain via the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway - blood vessels become dilated & inflamed, resulting in a headache

migraine / vascular headache

thoracic outlet is a compression of nerves in the ____

brachial plexus

anatomic defects like a cervical rib (extra rib at C7) or a tight band of fibrous tissue connecting the spine to the first rib

etiology: TOS

what is muscular/ disuse atrophy

decrease in mm cell diameter & decrease in size of mm

chronic pain syndrome with localized trigger points & fascial constrictions in a mm producing pain & causing myofascial pain

myofascial pain syndrome

which pathology involves inflammation in the skin & mm?

dermatomyositis

progressive loss of dopamine producing neurons in basal ganglia, substantia nigra leading to cell death & loss of function (less and less dopamine)

Parkinson's disease

what functions to: modulate reward, risk taking, impulsivity, mood, attention & arousal behaviours in brain, if unbalanced those behaviours are modified

neurotransmitter

bone tissue develops inside mm tissue in an abnormal reaction to a bruise/ hematoma formation

myositis ossificans

what is Gower's sign & what pathology is it seen in?

muscular dystrophy (duchenne) child uses arms to push off to rise from sitting to standing

median nerve pathologies

-pronator teres syndrome -anterior interosseous syndrome

radial nerve pathologies

-posterior interosseous syndrome -crutch palsy -saturday night palsy -cheiralgia paresthetica

ulnar nerve pathologies

-gamekeepers thumb -cubital tunnel syndrome -ulnar tunnel syndrome