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PATHOLOGY II > MIDTERM - worksheet +hints > Flashcards

MIDTERM - worksheet +hints Flashcards

1
Q

most common type of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

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2
Q

seronegative spondyloarthritis are a group of disorders characterized by what 3 things?

A
  1. lack of serum markers
  2. HLA-B27
  3. inflammation of synovial joints
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3
Q

which types of arthritis is asymmetrical?

A

psoriatic arthritis, pseudogout

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4
Q

clinical features of osteoarthritis

A

-joint pain with crepitus
-slow progression
-morning stiffness
-Herbden’s nodes (DIP joints in women)

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5
Q

what is the different between gout & pseudogout?

A

gout: MTP of big toe, monosodium urate crystals, uric acid, tophus

pseudogout: monoarticular, knee, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, bacteria/ virus/ fungi

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6
Q

invasion of single joint space (monoarticular) with pathogenic microorganism like bacteria, virus, fungi - most common cause is staphylococcus

A

infectious/ septic arthritis

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7
Q

____ arthritis is symmetrical, polyarticular & usually involves small joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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8
Q

which type of arthritis causes joint stiffness, swelling & pain, triggered by a bacterial infection?

A

reactive arthritis

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9
Q

which type of arthritis affects skin & joints?

A

psoriatic arthritis

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10
Q

chronic inflammation of tendons/ ligaments at insertion site which causes joint erosion, fibrosis & ossification of joint capsule

A

ankylosing spondylitis

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11
Q

central spinal canal is constricted/ narrowed by a thickened ligament & occurs in which two regions?

A

spinal stenosis

lumbar & cervical

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12
Q

____ is a defect in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch and ____ is a forward displacement of a vertebra

A

spondylolysis

sondylolisthesis

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13
Q

main cause of tendonitis

A

chronic overuse & repetitive movements

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14
Q

clinic features of Horner’s syndrome

A

subtle symptoms, decreased pupil size, drooping eyelid & decreased sweating on one side of face

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15
Q

which pathology is treated with fasciotomy surgery?

A

compartment syndrome

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16
Q

3 types of spina bifida

A

spina bifida occulta: hidden, mildest, most common, one or more of SPs fail to unite leaving open gap posteriorly

myelomeningocele: most severe, SP’s fail to form at multiple locations (usually L-spine) & spinal canal is open exposing meninges, spinal cord & nerves, life threatening, may cause paralysis

meningocele: very rare, just meninges herniate, no cord involvement

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17
Q

crush injury to a mm with bleeding into mm & subcutaneous tissue

A

contusion

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18
Q

solid swelling of clotted blood that collects in tissue, outside of a blood vessel

A

hematoma

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19
Q

in ____ main effect is overproduction & accumulation of COLLAGEN, leads to fibrosis/ scaring & inflammation causing skin & superficial fascia to thicken & harden

A

scleroderma

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20
Q

chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects skin, bones, nervous system & brain, kindeys, lungs - butterfly rash = most common symptom

A

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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21
Q

polyarteritis nodosa is strongly associated with a ____ infection

A

hepatitis B

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22
Q

genetic disroder that affects proteins that contribute to elasticity & strength of CT

A

Marfan syndrome

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23
Q

how is fibromyalgia diagnosed?

A

total of 18 tender points in the body, diagnosis is made if 11 are tender to digital palpation

(elevated substance P levels)

24
Q

what are the 2 types of seizures?

A

partial (60% of cases): seizure activity limited to single area of brain, & person does not lose consciousness - often exhibits lack of awareness, not knowing where he or she is or how much time has passed

generalized (30% of cases): seizure activity involves a diffuse area of brain or whole brain

25
Q

most common types of generalized seizures

A

absence (petit-mal): brief loss of awareness,10sec

tonic-clonic (grand-mal): contract-relax pattern,10-30min

unclassified seizures (10% of cases)

26
Q

Status Epilepticus seizure

A

occurs when seizures are recurrent without a full return to consciousness from the preceding seizure or may also be a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes

27
Q

most common areas for a spinal cord injury

A

C1-C7

T12-L2

28
Q

difference between an upper motor lesion & a lower motor lesion

A

upper: lesion in CNS occurring above anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of a cranial nerve

lower: lesion occurring below anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of a cranial nerve

29
Q

inflammation caused by damage/ irritation of a nerve producing stabbing, burning, severe P

A

neuritis/ neuralgia

30
Q

difference between meningitis & encephalitis

A

M: inflammation of fluid surrounding meninges & meninges themselves, affects brain/ spinal cord

E: inflammation of brain with swelling & necrosis, develops after systemic viral disease, when involves meninges = meningoencephalitis

31
Q

in which pathology does the virus enter via fecal-oral route/ respiratory route & infect cells of nervous system, specifically motor neurons in anterior horn destroying cells

A

poliomyelitis

32
Q

with ____ abnormal protein clumbs called ‘plaques’ & irregular knots called ‘neurofibrillary tangles’ form in nerve cells in the brain

A

Alzheimer’s

33
Q

chorea is a clinical finding in which neurological pathology?

A

Huntington’s disease

34
Q

rare degenerative, genetic disorder that causes degeneration of nerve cells, neurons in basal ganglia & cerebral cortex begin to atrophy & ventricles become dilated, gene can be passed down

A

Huntington’s disease

35
Q

classic triad of symptoms for Parkinson’s

A

tremors, rigidity & slowness of voluntary movements (bradykinesia)

36
Q

progressive demylination of neurons in the brain & spinal cord including cranial nerves (optic)

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

37
Q

types of MS

A

-relapsing-remitting: most cases (90%), lasting weeks-months with states of remission
-primary progressive: steady progression, no remission
-secondary progressive: was relapsing-remitting, now into new stage of continuous deterioration
-progressive-relapsing: rare, similar to primary with relapses bringing on worsened symptoms

38
Q

which neurological pathology progresses rapidly, leading to respiratory failure (breathing mm fail) & death, usually within 2-5yrs?

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

39
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA) - what blocks blood vessels?

A

thrombi (stationary blood clot) & emboli (floating blood clot)

40
Q

in a ____ stroke, the blood vessel wall ruptures & bleeds into brain, killing brain tissue on contact

A

hemorrhagic

*ischemic: most common, narrowed blood vessels become blocked & cause clots to lodge and occlude vessels

41
Q

what motor disorder caused by brain damage in the fetus, hypoxia & ischemia damage motor control centre in brain

A

cerebral palsy

42
Q

inflammation & swelling of cranial nerve VII/ facial nerve causing weakness & paralysis of facial mm unilaterally

A

Bell’s palsy

43
Q

myesthenia gravis is impaired impulse transmission of motor neurons caused by antibodies that attack & destroy ____ receptors at the NMJ

A

acetycholine

44
Q

excruciating episodic pain on face in regions where trigeminal nerve (cranial V) supplies sensation, pain is so bad it may cause suicide, known as “suicide disease”

A

trigeminal neuralgia

45
Q

related to imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides & serotonin which helps regulate pain via the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway - blood vessels become dilated & inflamed, resulting in a headache

A

migraine / vascular headache

46
Q

thoracic outlet is a compression of nerves in the ____

A

brachial plexus

47
Q

anatomic defects like a cervical rib (extra rib at C7) or a tight band of fibrous tissue connecting the spine to the first rib

A

etiology: TOS

48
Q

what is muscular/ disuse atrophy

A

decrease in mm cell diameter & decrease in size of mm

49
Q

chronic pain syndrome with localized trigger points & fascial constrictions in a mm producing pain & causing myofascial pain

A

myofascial pain syndrome

50
Q

which pathology involves inflammation in the skin & mm?

A

dermatomyositis

51
Q

progressive loss of dopamine producing neurons in basal ganglia, substantia nigra leading to cell death & loss of function (less and less dopamine)

A

Parkinson’s disease

52
Q

what functions to: modulate reward, risk taking, impulsivity, mood, attention & arousal behaviours in brain, if unbalanced those behaviours are modified

A

neurotransmitter

53
Q

bone tissue develops inside mm tissue in an abnormal reaction to a bruise/ hematoma formation

A

myositis ossificans

54
Q

what is Gower’s sign & what pathology is it seen in?

A

muscular dystrophy (duchenne)

child uses arms to push off to rise from sitting to standing

55
Q

median nerve pathologies

A

-pronator teres syndrome
-anterior interosseous syndrome

56
Q

radial nerve pathologies

A

-posterior interosseous syndrome
-crutch palsy
-saturday night palsy
-cheiralgia paresthetica

57
Q

ulnar nerve pathologies

A

-gamekeepers thumb
-cubital tunnel syndrome
-ulnar tunnel syndrome

PATHOLOGY II (10 decks)

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