quiz #4 - GI, liver, gallbladder Flashcards
causes of acute gastritis
-food poisoning, viruses, bacteria (helicobacter pylori or parasites)
-chemical toxins
-allergies to food
-irritation from chemotherapy/ radiation
causes of Crohn’s disease
-unknown, possibly an autoimmune disease
-genetic predisposition
causes of IBD/IBS
-unknown, sensitive colon reacts to stress or foods
-women may have more symptoms during menses (hormonal contribution)
-nervous system irregularities, infection & gut microbe changes
2 most important risk factors for stomach cancer
presence of helicobacter pylori bacteria & diet
risk factors for liver cancer
infections of Hep B or Hep C with cirrhosis
other predisposing factors: heavy smoking & drinking
risk factor for IBS
increased risk of colorectal cancer
risk factors for colorectal polyps
-age (over 50)
-smoking
-obesity
-low dietary fiber & family history of colon polyps/ colon cancer
etiology of peptic ulcers
bacteria helicobacter pylori
narrowing of opening (pylorus) from stomach to small intestine (duodenum) – causes severe projectile nonbilious (not containing bile) vomiting in first few months of life
pyloric stenosis
inflammation of the peritoneal lining
peritonitis
acute inflammation of lining of stomach or gastric intestinal mucosa caused by viruses (rotavirus & norovirus), bacteria, parasites or fungi – often from eating contaminated food or water
gastroenteritis
upper part of stomach protrudes through a hole or hiatus in diaphragm & into thorax
hiatus hernia
most common type of hiatus hernia
(90%) = sliding hiatal hernia: stomach slides into thoracic cavity through esophageal hiatus
other type (10%) = rolling/ paraesophageal hiatal hernia: greater curvature of stomach protrudes through secondary opening in diaphragm
periodic regurgitation of gastric contents or stomach acids upwards into esophagus – acids irritate lining of esophagus & causes burning sensation – often seen in conjunction with a hiatal hernia
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
causes inflammation & ulcers in bowel, affecting innermost lining of large intestine & rectum – may be mild or life threatening
ulcerative colitis
abnormal muscular contractions in large intestine that does not cause inflammation or permanent damage or an increased risk of colorectal cancer
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
diverticula or herniations become infected or inflamed – diverticula develop in weak areas of walls of GI tract & form pouches called herniations
diverticulitis
presence of diverticula in colon wall
diverticulosis
sites of metastasis of colorectal cancer
liver
also spreads to ovaries
-reduced appetite, intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, flatulence, bloating, dermatitis herpetiformis (itchy blistery skin rash) most often seen on elbows, knees, buttocks
-large, pale, greasy, foul-smelling stools that float is a cardinal sign
-osteoporosis may develop later in life as a result of reduced calcium absorption
celiac disease
-may be mild or severe
-diarrhea = most common sign
-chronic diarrhea may lead to dehydration, fatigue, weight loss, hemorrhoids
-tenderness in lower R quadrant, feeling of fullness
-30% have low-grade fever
-periods of exacerbations & remission
Crohn’s disease
-often mild to moderate symptoms with long periods of remission
-diarrhea (with blood or pus), abdominal pain or cramping, rectal pain or bleeding, defecation urgency, weight loss, fatigue, fever
ulcerative colitis
-diarrhea, watery, frequent stools = clinical hallmark
-due to impaired water, carbohydrate & electrolyte absorption or irritation from unabsorbed fatty acids
-cramping P, weight loss, growth retardation, delayed puberty
-anemias from lack of vitamin B12, iron deficiency (fatigue & weakness)
-mm cramps from decreased vitamin D & calcium absorption
malabsorption syndrome
-sudden, severe abdominal pain with localized tenderness
-P intensifies with movement
-abdominal bloating & rebound tenderness
-nausea, vomiting, chills, fatigue, thirst, confusion, diarrhea, fever, inability to urinate & pass stools or gas
peritonitis
3 stages of disease progression in hepatitis
- Preicteric stage: flu-like symptoms (nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, mm aches) last 1 week, upper R quadrant pain, low-grade fever, occasional headache
- Icteric stage: 1-4 weeks, jaundice & liver enlargement (hepatomegaly); prolonged in Hepatitis B infections
- Posticteric stage: recovery phase, 4-6 weeks, gradual reduction of symptoms; can extend longer
severe hepatitis symptoms
massive necrosis & liver failure
-ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen) portacaval anastomosis & hemorrhage
-high BP in portal vein system causes veins to distend irregularly & dilate, possible rupture
portal hypertension
-40% asymptomatic until obstruction occurs
-at first, symptoms mimic indigestion
-gallstone becomes lodged, symptoms of nausea, vomiting & pain -pain may be intermittent or steady, usually located in R upper quadrant, often radiating to mid-upper back & right SH
cholelithiasis
appendicitis: epigastric or umbilical pain to start may be vague pain and then shifts to lower R quadrant of abdomen at a point called _____
McBurney’s point
changes in systemic circulation as in low BP or atherosclerosis, local constriction of blood vessels or a blood clot (often not identified)
causes of: bowel ischemia
anatomic defects in diaphragm & in suspensory ligaments of stomach
causes of: gastric volvulus
-food & water contamination by bacteria (E. coli, salmonella)
-viruses (rotavirus, norovirus), parasites, common with traveler’s diarrhea
-allergic reactions, irritating foods, drugs
gastroenteritis
cirrhosis of liver: 3 main causes
- Chronic alcohol abuse
- Viral Hepatitis B or C infection (65% of cases)
- Autoimmune (Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)
mutation in gene that controls “hepcidin” a hormone in liver that controls iron absorption from GI tract causing increased absorption of iron from intestine, more than what is needed
causes of: Haemochromatosis
gene mutation inherited from both parents (recessive), responsible for copper transportation (ATPase) & excretion from liver in & out of body in urine
cause of: Wilson’s disease
mutated genes promote uncontrollable cell growth forming a mass or tumor
cause of: liver cancer
cells in lining of colon develop changes in DNA (stem cell mutations) causing cells to become cancerous & grow uncontrollably accumulating into a mass or tumor
cause of: colorectal cancer
progressive scarring of bile ducts caused by infection & producing obstruction and inflammation – scars make ducts hard & narrowed
primary sclerosing cholangitis
-metabolic disorder that damages mm tissue & nerve cells caused by accumulation of glycogen
-lysosomal storage disorder where enzyme to break down lysosome containing glycogen is deficient due to genetic mutation
Glycogen storage disease type 2
causes buildup of glycogen inside lysosomes that impairs function of nearby tissues
masses of solid material or stones called calculi or gallstones
cholelithiasis (gallstones)
2 types of gallstones based on composition
- cholesterol: most common - 80%, made of undissolved cholesterol, round & small (1-5 mm), yellowish white, common with obesity & diabetes
- pigment: composed of bile pigment & calcium salts, faceted & larger (5-10mm), black or dark brown, common in sickle cell anemia & cirrhosis
four F’s for tendencies to form gallstones
Female
older than Forty
Fertile
Fat
-typically develops in male babies in first 2–6 weeks of life & leads to vomiting, dehydration, weight loss
-first weeks-months of life with progressively worsening projectile vomiting, non bilious
-some infants present with poor feeding & weight loss
-dehydration causing baby to cry without having tears, & having less wet diapers
pyloric stenosis
most cases of ____ cancer (95%) develop from small, benign clumps of cells, called adenomatous polyps
colorectal
causes diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, anemia, weight loss & ultimately leads to malabsorption syndrome with vitamin & nutrient deficiencies
celiac disease
