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PATHOLOGY II > quiz #4 - GI, liver, gallbladder > Flashcards

quiz #4 - GI, liver, gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

causes of acute gastritis

A

-food poisoning, viruses, bacteria (helicobacter pylori or parasites)
-chemical toxins
-allergies to food
-irritation from chemotherapy/ radiation

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2
Q

causes of Crohn’s disease

A

-unknown, possibly an autoimmune disease
-genetic predisposition

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3
Q

causes of IBD/IBS

A

-unknown, sensitive colon reacts to stress or foods
-women may have more symptoms during menses (hormonal contribution)
-nervous system irregularities, infection & gut microbe changes

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4
Q

2 most important risk factors for stomach cancer

A

presence of helicobacter pylori bacteria & diet

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5
Q

risk factors for liver cancer

A

infections of Hep B or Hep C with cirrhosis

other predisposing factors: heavy smoking & drinking

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6
Q

risk factor for IBS

A

increased risk of colorectal cancer

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7
Q

risk factors for colorectal polyps

A

-age (over 50)
-smoking
-obesity
-low dietary fiber & family history of colon polyps/ colon cancer

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8
Q

etiology of peptic ulcers

A

bacteria helicobacter pylori

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9
Q

narrowing of opening (pylorus) from stomach to small intestine (duodenum) – causes severe projectile nonbilious (not containing bile) vomiting in first few months of life

A

pyloric stenosis

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10
Q

inflammation of the peritoneal lining

A

peritonitis

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11
Q

acute inflammation of lining of stomach or gastric intestinal mucosa caused by viruses (rotavirus & norovirus), bacteria, parasites or fungi – often from eating contaminated food or water

A

gastroenteritis

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12
Q

upper part of stomach protrudes through a hole or hiatus in diaphragm & into thorax

A

hiatus hernia

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13
Q

most common type of hiatus hernia

A

(90%) = sliding hiatal hernia: stomach slides into thoracic cavity through esophageal hiatus

other type (10%) = rolling/ paraesophageal hiatal hernia: greater curvature of stomach protrudes through secondary opening in diaphragm

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14
Q

periodic regurgitation of gastric contents or stomach acids upwards into esophagus – acids irritate lining of esophagus & causes burning sensation – often seen in conjunction with a hiatal hernia

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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15
Q

causes inflammation & ulcers in bowel, affecting innermost lining of large intestine & rectum – may be mild or life threatening

A

ulcerative colitis

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16
Q

abnormal muscular contractions in large intestine that does not cause inflammation or permanent damage or an increased risk of colorectal cancer

A

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

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17
Q

diverticula or herniations become infected or inflamed – diverticula develop in weak areas of walls of GI tract & form pouches called herniations

A

diverticulitis

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18
Q

presence of diverticula in colon wall

A

diverticulosis

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19
Q

sites of metastasis of colorectal cancer

A

liver

also spreads to ovaries

20
Q

-reduced appetite, intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, flatulence, bloating, dermatitis herpetiformis (itchy blistery skin rash) most often seen on elbows, knees, buttocks
-large, pale, greasy, foul-smelling stools that float is a cardinal sign
-osteoporosis may develop later in life as a result of reduced calcium absorption

A

celiac disease

21
Q

-may be mild or severe
-diarrhea = most common sign
-chronic diarrhea may lead to dehydration, fatigue, weight loss, hemorrhoids
-tenderness in lower R quadrant, feeling of fullness
-30% have low-grade fever
-periods of exacerbations & remission

A

Crohn’s disease

22
Q

-often mild to moderate symptoms with long periods of remission
-diarrhea (with blood or pus), abdominal pain or cramping, rectal pain or bleeding, defecation urgency, weight loss, fatigue, fever

A

ulcerative colitis

23
Q

-diarrhea, watery, frequent stools = clinical hallmark
-due to impaired water, carbohydrate & electrolyte absorption or irritation from unabsorbed fatty acids
-cramping P, weight loss, growth retardation, delayed puberty
-anemias from lack of vitamin B12, iron deficiency (fatigue & weakness)
-mm cramps from decreased vitamin D & calcium absorption

A

malabsorption syndrome

24
Q

-sudden, severe abdominal pain with localized tenderness
-P intensifies with movement
-abdominal bloating & rebound tenderness
-nausea, vomiting, chills, fatigue, thirst, confusion, diarrhea, fever, inability to urinate & pass stools or gas

A

peritonitis

25
Q

3 stages of disease progression in hepatitis

A
  1. Preicteric stage: flu-like symptoms (nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, mm aches) last 1 week, upper R quadrant pain, low-grade fever, occasional headache
  2. Icteric stage: 1-4 weeks, jaundice & liver enlargement (hepatomegaly); prolonged in Hepatitis B infections
  3. Posticteric stage: recovery phase, 4-6 weeks, gradual reduction of symptoms; can extend longer
26
Q

severe hepatitis symptoms

A

massive necrosis & liver failure

27
Q

-ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen) portacaval anastomosis & hemorrhage
-high BP in portal vein system causes veins to distend irregularly & dilate, possible rupture

A

portal hypertension

28
Q

-40% asymptomatic until obstruction occurs
-at first, symptoms mimic indigestion
-gallstone becomes lodged, symptoms of nausea, vomiting & pain -pain may be intermittent or steady, usually located in R upper quadrant, often radiating to mid-upper back & right SH

A

cholelithiasis

29
Q

appendicitis: epigastric or umbilical pain to start may be vague pain and then shifts to lower R quadrant of abdomen at a point called _____

A

McBurney’s point

30
Q

changes in systemic circulation as in low BP or atherosclerosis, local constriction of blood vessels or a blood clot (often not identified)

A

causes of: bowel ischemia

31
Q

anatomic defects in diaphragm & in suspensory ligaments of stomach

A

causes of: gastric volvulus

32
Q

-food & water contamination by bacteria (E. coli, salmonella)
-viruses (rotavirus, norovirus), parasites, common with traveler’s diarrhea
-allergic reactions, irritating foods, drugs

A

gastroenteritis

33
Q

cirrhosis of liver: 3 main causes

A
  1. Chronic alcohol abuse
  2. Viral Hepatitis B or C infection (65% of cases)
  3. Autoimmune (Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)
34
Q

mutation in gene that controls “hepcidin” a hormone in liver that controls iron absorption from GI tract causing increased absorption of iron from intestine, more than what is needed

A

causes of: Haemochromatosis

35
Q

gene mutation inherited from both parents (recessive), responsible for copper transportation (ATPase) & excretion from liver in & out of body in urine

A

cause of: Wilson’s disease

36
Q

mutated genes promote uncontrollable cell growth forming a mass or tumor

A

cause of: liver cancer

37
Q

cells in lining of colon develop changes in DNA (stem cell mutations) causing cells to become cancerous & grow uncontrollably accumulating into a mass or tumor

A

cause of: colorectal cancer

38
Q

progressive scarring of bile ducts caused by infection & producing obstruction and inflammation – scars make ducts hard & narrowed

A

primary sclerosing cholangitis

39
Q

-metabolic disorder that damages mm tissue & nerve cells caused by accumulation of glycogen
-lysosomal storage disorder where enzyme to break down lysosome containing glycogen is deficient due to genetic mutation

A

Glycogen storage disease type 2

causes buildup of glycogen inside lysosomes that impairs function of nearby tissues

40
Q

masses of solid material or stones called calculi or gallstones

A

cholelithiasis (gallstones)

41
Q

2 types of gallstones based on composition

A
  1. cholesterol: most common - 80%, made of undissolved cholesterol, round & small (1-5 mm), yellowish white, common with obesity & diabetes
  2. pigment: composed of bile pigment & calcium salts, faceted & larger (5-10mm), black or dark brown, common in sickle cell anemia & cirrhosis
42
Q

four F’s for tendencies to form gallstones

A

Female
older than Forty
Fertile
Fat

43
Q

-typically develops in male babies in first 2–6 weeks of life & leads to vomiting, dehydration, weight loss
-first weeks-months of life with progressively worsening projectile vomiting, non bilious
-some infants present with poor feeding & weight loss
-dehydration causing baby to cry without having tears, & having less wet diapers

A

pyloric stenosis

44
Q

most cases of ____ cancer (95%) develop from small, benign clumps of cells, called adenomatous polyps

A

colorectal

45
Q

causes diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, anemia, weight loss & ultimately leads to malabsorption syndrome with vitamin & nutrient deficiencies

A

celiac disease

PATHOLOGY II (10 decks)

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