FINAL EXAM - hints Flashcards
seronegative spondyloarthropathies are a group of disorders characterized by what 3 things?
- lack of serum markers
- HLA-B27 (human leukocyte antigen)
- inflammation of synovial joints
commonly found at DIP joints in women, hard bony swellings over joint caused by osteophytes in articular cartilage - diagnosis made using clinical information & X rays
Heberden’s nodes
(osteoarthritis)
____ arthritis is symmetrical, polyarticular, & usually involves small joints
rheumatoid
imbalance between bone deposition & bone decomposition, bone tissue becomes “porous”, diagnosed by bone densitometry/DXA scan
osteoporosis
chronic inflammation of tendons/ ligaments at their insertion sites which causes joint erosion, fibrosis & then ossification of joint capsule
ankylosing spondylitis
neural tube formation early in life, creating a bony gap in spine
cause: unknown, but folic acid deficiency & genetics play a role
spina bifida
3 types of spina bifida
- occulta: hidden, mildest, most common, one or more of SPs fail to unite leaving open gap posteriorly
- myelomeningocele: most severe, SP’s fail to form at multiple locations (usually L-spine) & spinal canal is open exposing meninges, spinal cord, nerves & other tissues, life threatening, may cause paralysis
- meningocele: very rare, just meninges herniate, no cord involvement
difference between sprain & strain
sprain: overstretch/ tear of ligament
strain: tear of mm or tendon, commonly affecting LB, NK, hamstrings
minor stretch & tear, no joint instability on passive testing, minimal P & swelling, able to complete ADLs with minor discomfort, can weight bear, bruising absent/ slight
grade 1 sprain
partial tear of ligament, increased P, bruising & swelling, loss of function due to P, P on weight bearing, snapping sound & giving way of joint at time of injury, passive testing shows a hypermobile, but still stable joint
grade 2 sprain
complete tear, surgery required, immobilization in cast, severe injury, resulting in synovial inflammation & accumulation of synovial fluid called joint effusion - Hemarthrosis if bleeding into joint - Xray to rule out avulsion fracture (when bone fragment pulls away from bone by a ligament)
grade 3 sprain
few mm fibers damaged, mild P at time of injury, mild swelling, if any, minimal loss of strength, P when tissue is stressed, ADLs can be completed, heals within 3 weeks
grade 1 strain
more extensive damage to fibers or tendon, but mm not completely ruptured, snapping sound may or may not be present, can sometimes feel gap at injury site, edema, P (moderate) tenderness at site, difficulty with ADLs, loss of strength, heals 3 – 6 weeks
grade 2 strain
severe injury with complete mm rupture, snapping sound accompanies injury, severe P, edema, bruising & ADLs cannot be continued
may be joint effusion (synovial fluid accumulation) or hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint)
grade 3 strain
parallel to long axis of bone
linear
right angle to bone’s long axis
transverse
twisting of bone, causing a fracture
spiral
two or more fragments of bone from fracture
comminuted
bone/bone fragments are crushed into each other
impacted
bone is compressed as in vertebral body
compression
usually of the skull (fracture)
depression
benign bone tumors (“oma”)
Osteoma
Osteochondroma
Endochondroma
Osteoid osteoma
Giant cell tumour
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Fibrous dysplasia
malignant bone tumors (“sarcoma”)
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histocytoma
Ewings’ sarcoma
Multiple myeloma
Polyarteritis Nodosa is strongly associated with a ____ infection
hepatitis B
highly contagious, from contaminated food or water (with feces) or from close contact with someone who is infected, no permanent damage, recover completely
hepatitis A
spreads via blood & other body fluids (sexually transmitted & with needle drugs or to baby during vaginal birth)
hepatitis B
spreads via blood & other body fluids (uncommon with sex, with needle drugs) may cause liver damage, new oral medications
hepatitis C
spreads via blood & other body fluids
hepatitis D
from contaminated food or water
hepatitis E
insignificant damage to liver
hepatitis G
clinic features of Marfan syndrome
tall stature, thin long extremities, protruding breastbone, crowded teeth, heart murmurs, extreme nearsightedness, curved spine & flat feet
symptoms may be mild or severe, if affecting aorta may be life threatening & may require surgery
tightening of CT in body like mm, tendons, ligaments, skin
contracture
2 different types of contractures
Dupuytren’s contracture: slow gradual, fibrosis of palmar fascia, creates shortening & thickening of 3, 4, 5 digits
Volkmann’s contracture: permanent shortening of forearm mm including hand, fingers & wrist (may also occur in foot) results in claw-like deformity due to ischemia
what is fibromyalgia & how is it diagnosed?
chronic P syndrome characterized by a heightened P response with diffuse soft tissue pain that feels muscular in nature with multiple tender points
diagnosed: 11/18 tender points, lasts longer than 3 months
____ is a motor disorder that is caused by brain damage in the fetus or during birth/ early childhood in the developing brain
cerebral palsy
4 types of cerebral palsy
spastic
dyskinetic or athetotic
ataxic
mixed
2 types of seizures
- partial
- generalized: absence seizures (petit-mal), tonic-clonic seizures (grand-mal), unclassified
difference between quadriplegia & paraplegia
quadriplegia: C-spine injury, paralysis of trunk & all extremities, including pelvic organs
paraplegia: lower T/L-spine injury, paralysis of lower trunk & legs, including pelvic organs
difference between UMNL & LMNL
upper: lesion in CNS occurring ABOVE anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of cranial nerve
lower: lesion occurring BELOW anterior horn of spinal cord or in motor nuclei of cranial nerve
most common areas for a spinal cord injury
C1-C7
T12-L2
2 most common causes of dementia
Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia
difference between Alzheimer’s & vascular dementia
Alzheimer’s: damage to brain tissue
vascular dementia: damage to blood vessels
with ____ abnormal protein clumps called plaques & irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles form in nerve cells in the brain
Alzheimer’s
classic tried of symptoms for Parkinson’s
tremors
rigidity
slowness of voluntary movements (bradykinesia)
most common stroke, narrowed blood vessels become blocked & cause clots to lodge and occlude vessels
ischemic stroke
blood vessel wall ruptures & bleeds into brain, killing brain tissue on contact
hemorrhagic stroke
decrease in mm cell diameter, decrease in size of mm
muscle atrophy or muscle wasting
group of rare genetic mm diseases, characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscles
muscular dystrophy
common in elderly (about 5% loss per decade after 60) = sarcopenia
most common and most severe form of muscular dystrophy
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
child uses his arms to push off to rise from sitting to standing
Gower’s sign
= muscular dystrophy (duchenne)
pelvic inflammatory disease is most often caused by which STD?
chlamydia & gonorrhea
benign tumors in uterus that are composed of smooth mm & fibrous tissue
uterine fibroids
classic triad of symptoms for eclampsia & preeclampsia
- hypertension
- sudden weight gain with edema (primarily in hands, feet, & face)
- protein in urine (proteinuria)
most common cancer is women
breast cancer
upper outside quadrant (50%)
breast cancer - lumps may be palpated that are ___ cm, mammograms measure a lump less than 0.5 cm
2
Tx for cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)
usually descends on its own in first year, if not, increased risk of testicular cancer, surgical repositioning of testes in scrotum before age 2 is advisable
common cause of peptic ulcers
helicobacter pylori, NSAIDs
excessive serous fluid collects in space between layers of tunica vaginalis of scrotum - collection of fluid around testicle
hydrocele
cyst containing fluid & sperm that develops between testis & epididymis outside tunica vaginalis - collection of fluid around epididymis
spermatocele
celiac is a hypersensitivity or immune reaction to…
gluten
____ is inflammation affecting any part of the small/ large intestine
Crohn’s
presence of diverticula or herniations in the colon wall
diverticulosis
progresses into diverticulitis
what causes hepatitis A & E?
contaminated food/ water
most common GI cancer
liver cancer
cause of acquired cystic disease
long term dialysis
cause of renal failure
diabetes & hypertension
by recent, untreated streptococcus infection, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in throat called “strep throat”
glomerulonephritis
diabetes damages blood vessels to nephrons that make them thicken & scarred, kidneys are unable to filter & leak proteins in urine
diabetic nephropathy
cause of UTI
escherichia coli bacterial infection = most common, 2nd: schistosomiasis, microorganisms ascend through urethra, other microorganisms may enter via bloodstream
caused by a bacterial infection also called a UTI
cystitis (bladder infection)
crystals & salts in urine may solidify & crystallize, produce stones
stones located in kidney, renal pelvis (most) & ureters
urolithiasis/ kidney stones/ renal calculi
