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PATHOLOGY II > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

most common form of arthritis – degenerative joint disease that is age related where cartilage is degenerated - Heberden’s nodes commonly found at DIP joints in women

A

osteoarthritis

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2
Q

joint stiffness, swelling & pain triggered by bacterial infection
-if involves eyes (uveitis) & follows chlamydia (urethritis) infection, it is called Reiter’s Syndrome
-associated with HLA-B27

A

reactive arthritis

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3
Q

arthritis that causes pain, swelling, tenderness & redness at MTP
-caused by crystallization of uric acid inside joint forming a tophi/ tophus surrounding joint
-tophus = deposit of monosodium urate crystals

A

gout

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4
Q

autoimmune disease that causes abnormal response to synovial cells in synovium of some synovial joints to attack themselves as if they were a foreign invader

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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5
Q

activation of T helper cells that produce cytokines & then activate B cells to produce antibodies – 80% of sufferers have an autoantibody (an antibody against our own antibody = IgG)

A

etiology: rheumatoid arthritis

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6
Q

5 stages of RA

A

synovitis, pannus formation, cartilage erosion,
fibrosis, ankylosis

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7
Q

chronic arthritis that affects people with psoriasis 20-30% of the time, a skin condition & joints
-symptom = sausage finger

A

psoriatic arthritis

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8
Q

fusion of intervertebral joints with inflammation
cause: unknown, may have a defect in gene called human leukocyte antigen or HLA-B27

A

ankylosing spondylitis

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9
Q

arthritis characterized by sudden, painful, swelling of one or more joints – most commonly knee
-crystals made of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

A

pseudogout / CPPD

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10
Q

also known as tuberculosis of the spine, infectious bacterial disease of spine caused by infection from somewhere else (usually lungs) – involves anterior part of multiple vertebrae in lower thoracic spine
-etiology: mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Pott’s disease

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11
Q

heberden vs. bouchard nodes (osteoarthritis)

A

HEBERDEN: found at DIP joints in women → hard bony swellings over joint caused by osteophytes in articular cartilage
BOUCHARD: on dorsal surface of PIP joints & associated with gastrectasis & OA

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12
Q

congenital anomaly, an elevated, dysplastic (underdeveloped & smaller) scapula restricting shoulder ROM

A

Sprengel’s deformity

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13
Q

injury to ligaments that straighten the middle joint of a finger, causing deformity

A

Boutonniere deformity

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14
Q

overstretch or tear of a ligament

A

sprain

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15
Q

tear of a muscle or tendon

A

strain

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16
Q

injury to a joint where the joint surfaces are not congruent or separated

A

dislocation

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17
Q

break in bone, due to trauma, overuse, microtrauma or stress

A

fracture

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18
Q

fractures affecting the epiphyseal growth plates – applies to children only before plate fusion

A

Salter-Harris fracture

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19
Q

dysfunction in bone remodeling process, where bone is replaced faster than it is broken down

A

Paget’s disease

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20
Q

(brittle bone disease) insufficient production of normal collagen to produce healthy, strong bones

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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21
Q

genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin
-tall stature, with thin long extremities, protruding breastbone, crowded teeth, heart murmurs, extreme nearsightedness, curved spine & flat feet

A

Marfan syndrome

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22
Q

blood supply to brain is reduced or interrupted preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen & nutrients – brain cells begin to die within minutes

A

stroke

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23
Q

2 types of stroke

A

ischemic: most common, narrowed blood vessels become blocked & cause clots to lodge & occlude vessels

hemorrhagic: blood vessel wall ruptures & bleeds into brain, killing brain tissue on contact

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24
Q

2 types of scoliosis

A

structural: underlying spine is curved

functional: underlying spine is normal (mm & soft tissue causing curvature)

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25
Q

chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease affects skin, bones, joints, nervous system & brain, kidneys, lungs, other organs
– blood vessels also affected leading to Raynaud’s phenomenon
-butterfly rash = most distinctive symptom

A

systemic lupus erythemotosus (SLE)

26
Q

(neurogenic arthritis) syndrome involving complication of diabetes & neuropathy – uncontrolled inflammation causes destruction of tissues due to impaired nerve pain perception
-red, swollen warm joints in foot

A

Charcot’s disease

27
Q

chronic disease that affects CT & internal organs – overproduction & accumulation of COLLAGEN leads to fibrosis or scarring & inflammation causing skin & superficial fascia to thicken/ harden

A

scleroderma

28
Q

defect in synthesis of collagen, causes progressive deterioration of collagen in different parts of body such as joints, heart valves, organ walls or arterial walls

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

29
Q

chronic pain syndrome with localized trigger points & fascial constrictions in a mm producing pain & causing myofascial pain – trigger points tender to touch & may refer pain elsewhere

A

myofascial pain syndrome

30
Q

2 types of trigger points (myofascial pain syndrome)

A

active: pain produced by pressure, familiar, constant pain

latent: pain produced by pressure, unfamiliar, pain only when compressed

31
Q

group of rare genetic mm diseases - atrophy of skeletal mm – symptoms & disease progression range from mild to severe – most common & severe form = Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), which begins soon after birth & seen only in boys

A

muscular dystrophy

32
Q

-inherited or genetic
-muscles are targeted tissue
-symptoms related to muscle wasting
-progressive

A

muscular dystrophy

33
Q

child has a waddling gait, & difficulty climbing stairs or running and falls easily – child uses his arms to push off to rise from sitting to standing this is called…

A

Gower’s sign

(muscular dystrophy)

34
Q

bone tissue develops inside mm tissue in an abnormal reaction to a bruise or a hematoma formation – previously traumatized mm with abnormal deposition of calcium, usually in arm or thigh – fibroblasts replaced by osteoblasts & form disorganized bone tissue

A

myositis ossificans

35
Q

types of muscular dystrophy

A

Duchenne
Becker’s
Limb/Girdle
Facioscapulohumeral
Myotonic

36
Q

causes of TOS

A

-anatomic defects like cervical rib (extra rib at C7) or tight band of fibrous tissue connecting spine to first rib
-poor posture, HT, trauma

37
Q

causes of whiplash injuries

A

MVA most often, falls, sports & violence

38
Q

progressive demyelination of neurons in brain & spinal cord including cranial nerves (optic)

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

39
Q

symptoms of MS

A

loss of vision/ double vision, blurred vision, paresthesias or sensations of numbness, burning, prickling, tingling or itching, progressive mm weakness, loss of coordination, postural instability & eventual paralysis

40
Q

types of MS

A

-relapsing-remitting: most cases (90%), relapses lasting weeks to months with states of remission
-primary progressive: steady progression, no remission
-secondary progressive: was relapsing-remitting, now into new stage of continuous deterioration
-progressive-relapsing: rare, similar to primary progressive with relapses bringing on worsened symptoms

41
Q

progressive, degenerative neurological disorder that produces syndrome of abnormal movements like tremors & rigidity – affect posture & balance – dopamine producing neurons in part of cerebral cortex called basal nuclei & substantia nigra degenerate & die

A

Parkinson’s disease

42
Q

(also called Lou Gehrig’s disease) progressive demyelination & degeneration of motor neurons, which leads to paralysis of muscles - hardening/ sclerosis of lateral pathways of spinal cord

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

43
Q

progressive, irreversible, degenerative disease causing mental deterioration – processes of thinking, remembering & communicating affected most – begins late in life – in brain causes abnormal protein clumps called plaques & irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles to form in nerve cells in the brain

A

Alzheimer’s

44
Q

types of radial nerve compressions

A

Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome
Crutch palsy
Saturday night palsy
Cheiralgia Paresthetica

45
Q

types of median nerve compressions

A

Pronator teres syndrome
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome

46
Q

types of ulnar nerve compressions

A

Gamekeepers thumb
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Ulnar tunnel syndrome

47
Q

inflammation of fluid surrounding the meninges and the meninges themselves – may affect brain and/or spinal cord

A

meningitis

48
Q

virus causing destruction of motor nerves that is highly contagious – called “polio” and is now rare – causes paralysis, weakness & difficulty breathing

A

poliomyelitis

49
Q

posterior SPs fail to grow & close from a defect in neural tube formation during first four weeks of life – can occur anywhere in spine but most common in lumbar spine (80%)

A

spina bifida

50
Q

inflammation of brain with swelling & necrosis – develops after a systemic viral disease – when it involves meninges it is called ‘meningoencephalitis’
-common cause: herpes

A

encephalitis

51
Q

explosive episodes of uncontrolled & excessive electrical activity in the motor cortex of the brain – results in a sudden change in behavior – described as lightning storm in the brain

A

seizures/ epilepsy

52
Q

motor disorder caused by brain damage in fetus or during birth or early childhood in developing brain – abnormal mm tone, reflexes, or motor development & coordination
-hypoxia & ischemia damage motor control center in brain

A

cerebral palsy

53
Q

excruciating episodic pain on face in regions where trigeminal nerve (cranial V) supplies sensation → ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
*P so bad may cause suicide

A

trigeminal neuralgia

54
Q

inflammation & swelling of Cranial Nerve VII or facial Nerve causing weakness & paralysis of facial muscles unilaterally – called a motor mononeuropathy

A

Bell’s palsy

55
Q

impaired impulse transmission of motor neurons caused by antibodies that attack & destroy acetylcholine receptors at NMJ with excess of cholinesterase (enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine)

A

myesthenia gravis

56
Q

rapidly progressing inflammatory disease that results in demyelination of peripheral nerves often triggered by infection and an autoimmune response

A

Guillian-Barre syndrome

57
Q

rare degenerative, genetic disorder that causes degeneration of nerve cells – characterized by motor disturbances, mental deterioration, & abnormal behavior
-neurons in basal ganglia & cerebral cortex begin to atrophy & ventricles become dilated

A

Huntington’s disease

58
Q

severe, recurrent headaches accompanied by other symptoms such as visual disturbances & nausea
-related to imbalances in brain chemicals of trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides & serotonin which helps regulate pain via trigeminal nerve – blood vessels become dilated & inflamed, resulting in headache

A

migraine/ headache

59
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA) - what blocks blood vessels

A

THROMBI: stationary blood clot

EMBOLI: floating blood clot

60
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal Nerve: trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic douleroux)

61
Q

CN VII

A

facial Nerve: Bell’s Palsy

62
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal Nerve: Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia

PATHOLOGY II (10 decks)

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