MIDTERM Flashcards
most common form of arthritis – degenerative joint disease that is age related where cartilage is degenerated - Heberden’s nodes commonly found at DIP joints in women
osteoarthritis
joint stiffness, swelling & pain triggered by bacterial infection
-if involves eyes (uveitis) & follows chlamydia (urethritis) infection, it is called Reiter’s Syndrome
-associated with HLA-B27
reactive arthritis
arthritis that causes pain, swelling, tenderness & redness at MTP
-caused by crystallization of uric acid inside joint forming a tophi/ tophus surrounding joint
-tophus = deposit of monosodium urate crystals
gout
autoimmune disease that causes abnormal response to synovial cells in synovium of some synovial joints to attack themselves as if they were a foreign invader
rheumatoid arthritis
activation of T helper cells that produce cytokines & then activate B cells to produce antibodies – 80% of sufferers have an autoantibody (an antibody against our own antibody = IgG)
etiology: rheumatoid arthritis
5 stages of RA
synovitis, pannus formation, cartilage erosion,
fibrosis, ankylosis
chronic arthritis that affects people with psoriasis 20-30% of the time, a skin condition & joints
-symptom = sausage finger
psoriatic arthritis
fusion of intervertebral joints with inflammation
cause: unknown, may have a defect in gene called human leukocyte antigen or HLA-B27
ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis characterized by sudden, painful, swelling of one or more joints – most commonly knee
-crystals made of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate
pseudogout / CPPD
also known as tuberculosis of the spine, infectious bacterial disease of spine caused by infection from somewhere else (usually lungs) – involves anterior part of multiple vertebrae in lower thoracic spine
-etiology: mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pott’s disease
heberden vs. bouchard nodes (osteoarthritis)
HEBERDEN: found at DIP joints in women → hard bony swellings over joint caused by osteophytes in articular cartilage
BOUCHARD: on dorsal surface of PIP joints & associated with gastrectasis & OA
congenital anomaly, an elevated, dysplastic (underdeveloped & smaller) scapula restricting shoulder ROM
Sprengel’s deformity
injury to ligaments that straighten the middle joint of a finger, causing deformity
Boutonniere deformity
overstretch or tear of a ligament
sprain
tear of a muscle or tendon
strain
injury to a joint where the joint surfaces are not congruent or separated
dislocation
break in bone, due to trauma, overuse, microtrauma or stress
fracture
fractures affecting the epiphyseal growth plates – applies to children only before plate fusion
Salter-Harris fracture
dysfunction in bone remodeling process, where bone is replaced faster than it is broken down
Paget’s disease
(brittle bone disease) insufficient production of normal collagen to produce healthy, strong bones
osteogenesis imperfecta
genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin
-tall stature, with thin long extremities, protruding breastbone, crowded teeth, heart murmurs, extreme nearsightedness, curved spine & flat feet
Marfan syndrome
blood supply to brain is reduced or interrupted preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen & nutrients – brain cells begin to die within minutes
stroke
2 types of stroke
ischemic: most common, narrowed blood vessels become blocked & cause clots to lodge & occlude vessels
hemorrhagic: blood vessel wall ruptures & bleeds into brain, killing brain tissue on contact
2 types of scoliosis
structural: underlying spine is curved
functional: underlying spine is normal (mm & soft tissue causing curvature)
chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease affects skin, bones, joints, nervous system & brain, kidneys, lungs, other organs
– blood vessels also affected leading to Raynaud’s phenomenon
-butterfly rash = most distinctive symptom
systemic lupus erythemotosus (SLE)
(neurogenic arthritis) syndrome involving complication of diabetes & neuropathy – uncontrolled inflammation causes destruction of tissues due to impaired nerve pain perception
-red, swollen warm joints in foot
Charcot’s disease
chronic disease that affects CT & internal organs – overproduction & accumulation of COLLAGEN leads to fibrosis or scarring & inflammation causing skin & superficial fascia to thicken/ harden
scleroderma
defect in synthesis of collagen, causes progressive deterioration of collagen in different parts of body such as joints, heart valves, organ walls or arterial walls
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
chronic pain syndrome with localized trigger points & fascial constrictions in a mm producing pain & causing myofascial pain – trigger points tender to touch & may refer pain elsewhere
myofascial pain syndrome
2 types of trigger points (myofascial pain syndrome)
active: pain produced by pressure, familiar, constant pain
latent: pain produced by pressure, unfamiliar, pain only when compressed
group of rare genetic mm diseases - atrophy of skeletal mm – symptoms & disease progression range from mild to severe – most common & severe form = Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), which begins soon after birth & seen only in boys
muscular dystrophy
-inherited or genetic
-muscles are targeted tissue
-symptoms related to muscle wasting
-progressive
muscular dystrophy
child has a waddling gait, & difficulty climbing stairs or running and falls easily – child uses his arms to push off to rise from sitting to standing this is called…
Gower’s sign
(muscular dystrophy)
bone tissue develops inside mm tissue in an abnormal reaction to a bruise or a hematoma formation – previously traumatized mm with abnormal deposition of calcium, usually in arm or thigh – fibroblasts replaced by osteoblasts & form disorganized bone tissue
myositis ossificans
types of muscular dystrophy
Duchenne
Becker’s
Limb/Girdle
Facioscapulohumeral
Myotonic
causes of TOS
-anatomic defects like cervical rib (extra rib at C7) or tight band of fibrous tissue connecting spine to first rib
-poor posture, HT, trauma
causes of whiplash injuries
MVA most often, falls, sports & violence
progressive demyelination of neurons in brain & spinal cord including cranial nerves (optic)
multiple sclerosis (MS)
symptoms of MS
loss of vision/ double vision, blurred vision, paresthesias or sensations of numbness, burning, prickling, tingling or itching, progressive mm weakness, loss of coordination, postural instability & eventual paralysis
types of MS
-relapsing-remitting: most cases (90%), relapses lasting weeks to months with states of remission
-primary progressive: steady progression, no remission
-secondary progressive: was relapsing-remitting, now into new stage of continuous deterioration
-progressive-relapsing: rare, similar to primary progressive with relapses bringing on worsened symptoms
progressive, degenerative neurological disorder that produces syndrome of abnormal movements like tremors & rigidity – affect posture & balance – dopamine producing neurons in part of cerebral cortex called basal nuclei & substantia nigra degenerate & die
Parkinson’s disease
(also called Lou Gehrig’s disease) progressive demyelination & degeneration of motor neurons, which leads to paralysis of muscles - hardening/ sclerosis of lateral pathways of spinal cord
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
progressive, irreversible, degenerative disease causing mental deterioration – processes of thinking, remembering & communicating affected most – begins late in life – in brain causes abnormal protein clumps called plaques & irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles to form in nerve cells in the brain
Alzheimer’s
types of radial nerve compressions
Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome
Crutch palsy
Saturday night palsy
Cheiralgia Paresthetica
types of median nerve compressions
Pronator teres syndrome
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome
types of ulnar nerve compressions
Gamekeepers thumb
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Ulnar tunnel syndrome
inflammation of fluid surrounding the meninges and the meninges themselves – may affect brain and/or spinal cord
meningitis
virus causing destruction of motor nerves that is highly contagious – called “polio” and is now rare – causes paralysis, weakness & difficulty breathing
poliomyelitis
posterior SPs fail to grow & close from a defect in neural tube formation during first four weeks of life – can occur anywhere in spine but most common in lumbar spine (80%)
spina bifida
inflammation of brain with swelling & necrosis – develops after a systemic viral disease – when it involves meninges it is called ‘meningoencephalitis’
-common cause: herpes
encephalitis
explosive episodes of uncontrolled & excessive electrical activity in the motor cortex of the brain – results in a sudden change in behavior – described as lightning storm in the brain
seizures/ epilepsy
motor disorder caused by brain damage in fetus or during birth or early childhood in developing brain – abnormal mm tone, reflexes, or motor development & coordination
-hypoxia & ischemia damage motor control center in brain
cerebral palsy
excruciating episodic pain on face in regions where trigeminal nerve (cranial V) supplies sensation → ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
*P so bad may cause suicide
trigeminal neuralgia
inflammation & swelling of Cranial Nerve VII or facial Nerve causing weakness & paralysis of facial muscles unilaterally – called a motor mononeuropathy
Bell’s palsy
impaired impulse transmission of motor neurons caused by antibodies that attack & destroy acetylcholine receptors at NMJ with excess of cholinesterase (enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine)
myesthenia gravis
rapidly progressing inflammatory disease that results in demyelination of peripheral nerves often triggered by infection and an autoimmune response
Guillian-Barre syndrome
rare degenerative, genetic disorder that causes degeneration of nerve cells – characterized by motor disturbances, mental deterioration, & abnormal behavior
-neurons in basal ganglia & cerebral cortex begin to atrophy & ventricles become dilated
Huntington’s disease
severe, recurrent headaches accompanied by other symptoms such as visual disturbances & nausea
-related to imbalances in brain chemicals of trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides & serotonin which helps regulate pain via trigeminal nerve – blood vessels become dilated & inflamed, resulting in headache
migraine/ headache
transient ischemic attack (TIA) - what blocks blood vessels
THROMBI: stationary blood clot
EMBOLI: floating blood clot
CN V
trigeminal Nerve: trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic douleroux)
CN VII
facial Nerve: Bell’s Palsy
CN IX
glossopharyngeal Nerve: Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
