quiz #2 - hints / chill & simple vibes Flashcards
minor stretch & tear, joint stable, minimal P & swelling, bruising slight
grade 1 sprain
partial tear, more P, bruising & swelling, snapping sound, P on weight bearing, hypermobile but stable
grade 2 sprain
complete tear, surgery required, joint effusion, snapping sound, hemarthrosis
grade 3 sprain
direction of ankle sprain: lateral ligaments torn, most common
inversion sprain
direction of ankle sprain: deltoid ligament torn, may cause avulsion fracture if grade 3
eversion sprain
knee - most common ligament sprained
ACL
most common cause of wrist sprain
FOOSH
most common sprained ligament in the wrist
palmar radiocarpal
most common sprained ligament of the shoulder
acromioclavicular (AC)
*causes AC joint separation
“loose ligaments” – may cause chronic body pain
-when this condition affects joints in entire body, it is called generalized joint hypermobility
ligamentous laxity
ligamentous laxity - genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin
Marfan syndrome
ligamentous laxity - defect in synthesis of collagen, progressive deterioration of collagen in different parts of body such as joints, heart valves, organ walls or arterial walls
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
ligamentous laxity - insufficient production of normal collagen to produce healthy, strong bones
osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
ligamentous laxity - affects collagen, may have distinctive facial appearance, eye abnormalities, hearing loss & joint problems
Stickler syndrome
ligamentous laxity - defects in collagen, found in renal basement membrane, inner ear & eyes, leading to glomerulonephritis, hearing loss & eye disease
Alport syndrome
ligamentous laxity - Beal’s syndrome, similar to Marfan syndrome but with contractures of hip, knee, elbows & ankle joint, crumpled ear
congenital contractural arachnodactyly
ligamentous laxity - a collagen vascular disease
psoriatic arthritis
few mm fibers damaged, mild P & swelling, minimal loss of strength, ADLs can be completed, heals 3 weeks
grade 1 strain
damage to fibers/ tendon, mm not completely ruptured, snapping sound, gap, edema, moderate P, difficulty with ADLs, heals 3-6 weeks
grade 2 strain
complete mm rupture, snapping sound, severe P, edema, bruising, ADLs not completed
grade 3 strain
crush injury to mm with bleeding into mm & subcutaneous tissues, bruising can be minor or severe
contusion
solid swelling of clotted blood that collects in tissue, outside of blood vessel – damage to wall of artery, vein or capillary causes blood to leak into adjacent tissues & cause inflammation & bruising
hematoma
difference between hematoma & bruise
hematoma is different from a bruise in that the blood vessels damaged are larger & damage is worse
injury to joint where joint surfaces are not congruent or separated
dislocation
fractures affecting epiphyseal growth plates – applies to children only before plate fusion
Salter-Harris fracture
fracture type: bone/ bone fragments crushed into each other
impacted
fracture type: twisting of bone, causing a fracture
spiral
fracture type: two or more fragments of bone from fracture
comminuted
fracture type: fracture usually of the skull
depression
fracture repair: stage 1
hematoma formation, fibrin mesh around injury site, leukocytes (especially macrophages) & fibroblasts are recruited
fracture repair: stage 2
fibrocartilaginous callus forms, fibroblasts deposit collagen, cells from periosteum become chondroblasts & cartilage is deposited, soft callus is formed, osteoclasts clean up debris, completed within 3 weeks
fracture repair: stage 3
bony callus formed, fibrous, immature bone calcified & known as woven bone (type of spongy bone), should be complete within 3 – 4 months
fracture repair: stage 4
remodeling of hard, bony callus & formation of mature bone, return to full strength takes months
cancer of bone forming cells, common in 10-30 years, commonly affects long bones of legs mostly & arms – Terry Fox had this type of bone cancer (malignant)
osteosarcoma
form of skeletal dysplasia, arm & leg bones are shorter than normal, average adult height of 4’ - 4’4” – also have an enlarged head with prominent forehead
-etiology: gene mutation
achondroplasia/ dwarfism
etiology: not one specific cause but many things may trigger it like infection, injury or trauma, an open sore that doesn’t heal, spinal cord disease, parkinson’s disease, HIV, syphilis, alcohol or drug abuse
neurogenic arthritis/ Charcot’s disease
tightness of skin of face,“mask-like” appearance – mouth may not open or close completely – hands appear red, pale & swollen and fingers become tapered and flexed – skin appears hard, shiny & stretched
scleroderma
may go deeper & affect internal organs like heart & cause arrhythmias or respiratory failure, renal failure, esophageal or intestinal blockage or perforation and damage to vascular walls (Raynaud’s phenomenon)
scleroderma
etiology: unknown, suspected to be an autoimmune dysfunction, may be connected to occupational exposure to vinyl chloride, silica or organic solvents
scleroderma
what does CREST stand for (scleroderma)
C - calcinosis
R - raynaud’s phenomenon
E - esophageal dysfunction
S - sclerodactyly
T - telangiectasias
“butterfly rash” on face, nose & cheeks – similar rashes appear on sun-exposed parts of body – fever, dry eyes, chest pain & shortness of breath, headaches, memory loss, enlarged lymph nodes, joint pain, stiffness & swelling and extreme fatigue – triggers: meds, excessive exposure to sunlight, injury, stress
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
stabbing pain at heel, worse at first then gets better, most common sign is pain first thing in morning - first steps, or after sitting for long periods
plantar fasciitis
triggered by something else, pain; described as aching, burning or gnawing, insomnia, visual problems, memory & mood disorders, cognitive disorders, fatigue, morning stiffness (11/18 tender points)
fibromyalgia
aching, burning, or cramping pain in a specific area in an extremity – feels tight with numbness and tingling, weakness and worsens with exercise
compartment syndrome
when blood flow to fingers & toes is extremely reduced by vasospasm causing discolouration
Raynaud’s phenomenon
for severe contusions with lots of bleeding there is rapid accumulation of mm-derived proteins (like myoglobin) in bloodstream that can lead to damage to kidney & possible kidney failure or shock, called…
rhabdomyolysis
immune system dysfunction causing necrotizing inflammation of medium sized or muscular arteries and does NOT involve veins
polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) / vasculitis
unknown cause or idiopathic, suspect immune system involvement causing inflammation of blood vessel, can lead to aneurysm or rupture resulting in bleeding into tissues
polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) / vasculitis
surgery, infection, trauma, radiation cause chronic inflammation; starts normal repair mechanism from tissue disturbance, where fibroblasts lay down excessive CT
adhesions
