quiz #2 - hints / chill & simple vibes

Question 1

minor stretch & tear, joint stable, minimal P & swelling, bruising slight

Answer 1

grade 1 sprain

Question 2

partial tear, more P, bruising & swelling, snapping sound, P on weight bearing, hypermobile but stable

Answer 2

grade 2 sprain

Question 3

complete tear, surgery required, joint effusion, snapping sound, hemarthrosis

Answer 3

grade 3 sprain

Question 4

direction of ankle sprain: lateral ligaments torn, most common

Answer 4

inversion sprain

Question 5

direction of ankle sprain: deltoid ligament torn, may cause avulsion fracture if grade 3

Answer 5

eversion sprain

Question 6

knee - most common ligament sprained

Answer 6

ACL

Question 7

most common cause of wrist sprain

Answer 7

FOOSH

Question 8

most common sprained ligament in the wrist

Answer 8

palmar radiocarpal

Question 9

most common sprained ligament of the shoulder

Answer 9

acromioclavicular (AC)

*causes AC joint separation

Question 10

“loose ligaments” – may cause chronic body pain
-when this condition affects joints in entire body, it is called generalized joint hypermobility

Answer 10

ligamentous laxity

Question 11

ligamentous laxity - genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin

Answer 11

Marfan syndrome

Question 12

ligamentous laxity - defect in synthesis of collagen, progressive deterioration of collagen in different parts of body such as joints, heart valves, organ walls or arterial walls

Answer 12

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Question 13

ligamentous laxity - insufficient production of normal collagen to produce healthy, strong bones

Answer 13

osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

Question 14

ligamentous laxity - affects collagen, may have distinctive facial appearance, eye abnormalities, hearing loss & joint problems

Answer 14

Stickler syndrome

Question 15

ligamentous laxity - defects in collagen, found in renal basement membrane, inner ear & eyes, leading to glomerulonephritis, hearing loss & eye disease

Answer 15

Alport syndrome

Question 16

ligamentous laxity - Beal’s syndrome, similar to Marfan syndrome but with contractures of hip, knee, elbows & ankle joint, crumpled ear

Answer 16

congenital contractural arachnodactyly

Question 17

ligamentous laxity - a collagen vascular disease

Answer 17

psoriatic arthritis

Question 18

few mm fibers damaged, mild P & swelling, minimal loss of strength, ADLs can be completed, heals 3 weeks

Answer 18

grade 1 strain

Question 19

damage to fibers/ tendon, mm not completely ruptured, snapping sound, gap, edema, moderate P, difficulty with ADLs, heals 3-6 weeks

Answer 19

grade 2 strain

Question 20

complete mm rupture, snapping sound, severe P, edema, bruising, ADLs not completed

Answer 20

grade 3 strain

Question 21

crush injury to mm with bleeding into mm & subcutaneous tissues, bruising can be minor or severe

Answer 21

contusion

Question 22

solid swelling of clotted blood that collects in tissue, outside of blood vessel – damage to wall of artery, vein or capillary causes blood to leak into adjacent tissues & cause inflammation & bruising

Answer 22

hematoma

Question 23

difference between hematoma & bruise

Answer 23

hematoma is different from a bruise in that the blood vessels damaged are larger & damage is worse

Question 24

injury to joint where joint surfaces are not congruent or separated

Answer 24

dislocation

Question 25

fractures affecting epiphyseal growth plates – applies to children only before plate fusion

Answer 25

Salter-Harris fracture

Question 26

fracture type: bone/ bone fragments crushed into each other

Answer 26

impacted

Question 27

fracture type: twisting of bone, causing a fracture

Answer 27

spiral

Question 28

fracture type: two or more fragments of bone from fracture

Answer 28

comminuted

Question 29

fracture type: fracture usually of the skull

Answer 29

depression

Question 30

fracture repair: stage 1

Answer 30

hematoma formation, fibrin mesh around injury site, leukocytes (especially macrophages) & fibroblasts are recruited

Question 31

fracture repair: stage 2

Answer 31

fibrocartilaginous callus forms, fibroblasts deposit collagen, cells from periosteum become chondroblasts & cartilage is deposited, soft callus is formed, osteoclasts clean up debris, completed within 3 weeks

Question 32

fracture repair: stage 3

Answer 32

bony callus formed, fibrous, immature bone calcified & known as woven bone (type of spongy bone), should be complete within 3 – 4 months

Question 33

fracture repair: stage 4

Answer 33

remodeling of hard, bony callus & formation of mature bone, return to full strength takes months

Question 34

cancer of bone forming cells, common in 10-30 years, commonly affects long bones of legs mostly & arms – Terry Fox had this type of bone cancer (malignant)

Answer 34

osteosarcoma

Question 35

form of skeletal dysplasia, arm & leg bones are shorter than normal, average adult height of 4’ - 4’4” – also have an enlarged head with prominent forehead
-etiology: gene mutation

Answer 35

achondroplasia/ dwarfism

Question 36

etiology: not one specific cause but many things may trigger it like infection, injury or trauma, an open sore that doesn’t heal, spinal cord disease, parkinson’s disease, HIV, syphilis, alcohol or drug abuse

Answer 36

neurogenic arthritis/ Charcot’s disease

Question 37

tightness of skin of face,“mask-like” appearance – mouth may not open or close completely – hands appear red, pale & swollen and fingers become tapered and flexed – skin appears hard, shiny & stretched

Answer 37

scleroderma

Question 38

may go deeper & affect internal organs like heart & cause arrhythmias or respiratory failure, renal failure, esophageal or intestinal blockage or perforation and damage to vascular walls (Raynaud’s phenomenon)

Answer 38

scleroderma

Question 39

etiology: unknown, suspected to be an autoimmune dysfunction, may be connected to occupational exposure to vinyl chloride, silica or organic solvents

Answer 39

scleroderma

Question 40

what does CREST stand for (scleroderma)

Answer 40

C - calcinosis
R - raynaud’s phenomenon
E - esophageal dysfunction
S - sclerodactyly
T - telangiectasias

Question 41

“butterfly rash” on face, nose & cheeks – similar rashes appear on sun-exposed parts of body – fever, dry eyes, chest pain & shortness of breath, headaches, memory loss, enlarged lymph nodes, joint pain, stiffness & swelling and extreme fatigue – triggers: meds, excessive exposure to sunlight, injury, stress

Answer 41

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Question 42

stabbing pain at heel, worse at first then gets better, most common sign is pain first thing in morning - first steps, or after sitting for long periods

Answer 42

plantar fasciitis

Question 43

triggered by something else, pain; described as aching, burning or gnawing, insomnia, visual problems, memory & mood disorders, cognitive disorders, fatigue, morning stiffness (11/18 tender points)

Answer 43

fibromyalgia

Question 44

aching, burning, or cramping pain in a specific area in an extremity – feels tight with numbness and tingling, weakness and worsens with exercise

Answer 44

compartment syndrome

Question 45

when blood flow to fingers & toes is extremely reduced by vasospasm causing discolouration

Answer 45

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Question 46

for severe contusions with lots of bleeding there is rapid accumulation of mm-derived proteins (like myoglobin) in bloodstream that can lead to damage to kidney & possible kidney failure or shock, called…

Answer 46

rhabdomyolysis

Question 47

immune system dysfunction causing necrotizing inflammation of medium sized or muscular arteries and does NOT involve veins

Answer 47

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) / vasculitis

Question 48

unknown cause or idiopathic, suspect immune system involvement causing inflammation of blood vessel, can lead to aneurysm or rupture resulting in bleeding into tissues

Answer 48

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) / vasculitis

Question 49

surgery, infection, trauma, radiation cause chronic inflammation; starts normal repair mechanism from tissue disturbance, where fibroblasts lay down excessive CT

Answer 49

adhesions